Form, that is, style, refers to the combination of poetic language structures and serves the content. Sometimes wonderful forms can cause special artistic effects, help readers understand poetry and deepen their impressions. Mr. Zhu Guangqian believes: "The essence of poetry is the emotion expressed by language, and the form is the language revealed by emotion." Language is a tool to express thoughts and feelings, and the form of language is actually the externalization of the poet's ideological character and a life form of the poet. People are both natural people and social people, and their thoughts and personalities are branded with the imprint of the times. Therefore, poetry has different forms of existence in different periods and different environments.
Let's classify all kinds of poems from different angles and with different standards.
① According to different contents and forms of expression, it can be divided into lyric poems, narrative poems and philosophical poems.
② According to different language formats, it can be divided into: ballads (folk songs, ballads and nursery rhymes), Chuci, metrical poems and free poems.
③ According to the order of historical development, it can be divided into: ancient poetry, new poetry, modern poetry, new poetry and so on.
④ According to different themes, it can be divided into epic poems, military poems, landscape poems, pastoral poems, local poems and urban poems.
⑤ According to the different combination with other genres, it can be divided into prose poetry, fable poetry, fairy tale poetry, riddle poetry, fu, parallel prose, poetic novel and poetic drama.
⑥ According to the length of space, it can be divided into: narrative long poems, short poems, mini short poems, etc.
There can be different sub-methods, such as by style, genre, function, etc., and there will be different types.
Here are some common poetic styles in detail.
1. Lyrics
Lyric poetry is a poetic style that expresses subjective feelings and emotions in the author's tone. Generally speaking, there is no complete story and characters, even if there are some fragments of scenery description, it is for the purpose of expressing ambition and emotion through scenery. According to the author's attitude towards objective things and the content of his works, it can be divided into ode, lamentation, love song, pastoral poem, landscape poem, satirical poem, object-chanting poem and so on. For example, He Jingzhi's Song of Lei Feng, Li Ying's Mourning in January, Dai Wangshu's Rain Lane, Shu Ting's To the Oak, Meng Haoran's Passing by the Old People's Village, Wang Wei's Chai Lu, Li Bai's Looking at Lushan Waterfall, Du Fu's Car Shop and Delighting in Rain on a Spring Night, and Zuo Si's Poem. Lyric poetry is the most distinctive and can best reflect the lyric characteristics of poetry.
2. Narrative poetry
Narrative poetry is a kind of poetry that tells stories, depicts characters and reflects life in the narrator's tone. Compared with lyric poetry, it has a complete story and can describe characters in various ways. However, compared with novels and dramas, it has simple plot, single characters, less details and general and passionate narrative language. Its basic styles are epic, poetic novel, poetic drama and general narrative poem. For example, Homer's epic Heriat and Odyssey in ancient Greece, The Man and the Male Willow in China's The Book of Songs, Don Juan by Byron in England, yevgeni onegin by Pushkin in Russia, Faust by Goethe, Peacock Flying Southeast by Han Yuefu, etc. , are excellent narrative poems combining narrative and lyric.
3. Philosophical poetry
Philosophical poetry focuses on the enlightenment of philosophy and explores the truth and law in life through the comparison of images. Generally, the length is short and the image is wonderful. It was once classified as lyric poetry. For example, Gu Cheng's generation: "The night gave me black eyes/but I found light with them." This little poem shows that a generation of young people, despite the difficult times, have not lost the spirit of pursuing light. There are elephants (black eyes) who are interested (looking for light) and chewy. Another example is that many poems in Feng Jicai's Spirituality are full of wisdom, giving people enlightenment and philosophical thinking. "The tree said to the woodcutter/Do you know/The most painful thing is the bloodless wound", "The ferryman repeatedly chooses the other side/wanders all his life" and "The mountain is a frozen wave/the water is a flowing mountain" ...
4. Folk songs
Folk songs, ballads, nursery rhymes. In ancient China, harmony was songs, but discord was ballads, which are collectively called ballads in modern times. This is a poetic style created orally by working people to express their thoughts and feelings. The content is simple, the style is fresh, the form is lively, and it has the characteristics of national characteristics, local characteristics, popularization, colloquialism, times and sociality. For example, China's first collection of folk songs, The Book of Songs, Yuefu folk songs in the Han, Wei and Six Dynasties, He Jingzhi's Back to Yan 'an, Li Ji's Wang Gui and Li Xiangxiang, etc. Lu Wen's "People's Topic-Contemporary Mandarin" contains a large number of folk songs. Three hundred and sixty-five night children's songs edited by Lu Bing consists of two volumes; Gu Siyong's Selected Nursery Rhymes contains more than 200 nursery rhymes. Let me briefly introduce the Book of Songs, a collection of folk songs. The Book of Songs was written more than 2,500 years ago, probably from the early Zhou Dynasty to the mid-Spring and Autumn Period. It is the earliest collection of poems (folk songs) in China, with a total of 305 pieces. This book is only called "Poetry", because it is listed as a number, so it is also called "Poetry 300", and because it is listed as one of the Confucian classics, it is also called "The Book of Songs". It is divided into three categories: wind, elegance and praise. There is 160 wind and 15 national wind; Ya 105, including Daya 3 1 and 74 in Xiaoya; There are 40 poems, including 3 poems by Zhou, 4 poems by Lu and 5 poems by Shang. According to historical records, The Book of Songs was edited by Confucius.
There are four schools in the Book of Songs, namely Qi Poetry, Lu Poetry and Han Shi, which have been lost. What we are seeing now is Shi Mao, a biography of Mao Heng, a native of Lu.
Preface to Mao Poetry says: "Poetry has six meanings: one is wind, the other is fu, the third is comparison, the fourth is pride, the fifth is elegance, and the sixth is fu." "The matter of the country, the foundation of one person, is called the wind." "Ya, it is also, the king said by waste xing also. Politics is small and big, so there are few elegance. " "Those who are described as beautiful and virtuous tell the gods about their success." In other words, Feng is a folk song with different local flavors, which originated in various countries in the Western Zhou Dynasty. Elegance is a poem about politics; Ode is a poem that rulers praise themselves by offering sacrifices. Fu, Bi and Xing are the expressions of The Book of Songs. Zhu's Biography of Poetry says, "The giver will tell the truth." "Compared with others, compare this thing with another thing." "Monkey, say something else first to make the lyrics sung." For example, "Jing Nv" uses fu throughout; Compare the whole article of Shuo; In Guanluo, "Guanluo dove is in Hezhou" rises, which leads to the following: "My fair lady, my gentleman is good."
The main features of The Book of Songs are:
(1) is mainly composed of four words; (2) Commonly used techniques of Fu, Bi and Xing; (3) There are many chapters and sentences in the composition, which are recited repeatedly; At least every other sentence rhymes, sometimes rhymes. If there is a function word at the end of the sentence, it rhymes with the previous word of the function word, sometimes rhyming; ⑤ Most poems adopt realistic writing techniques. Such as "Cutting Tan" and "Jiang Yousi" (original poems and analysis)
5. Chu ci
Chu Ci, also known as "Sao Style" or "Fu", is a new poetic style created by Chu literati represented by Qu Yuan on the basis of Chu folk songs. The masterpiece is Qu Yuan's Li Sao. This kind of works is long in length, rich in sentence patterns, free in form, full of romantic flavor, and often assisted by the word "Xi", with strong lyrical flavor and strong local color in the south. When the Han Dynasty became emperor, Liu Xiang compiled the Ci of Qu Yuan, Song Yu and others into an episode and named it Chu Ci. Huang, a poet in the Song Dynasty, said in "Preface to the East View, Correction of Chuci": "The Sao in Qu and Song Dynasties is written in Chu language, which is called Chuci, because it is called Chuci." In the history of literature, it is called "Feng" (Book of Songs) and "Sao" (Li Sao).
Annotations on the Songs of the South have great influence on Wang Yi's Chapters and Sentences on the Songs of the South in the Eastern Han Dynasty, Supplementary Notes on the Songs of the South by Song Hongxingzu, Zhu's Collection Notes on the Songs of the South and Wang Fuzhi's Interpretation of the Songs of the South in the Qing Dynasty.
6. fu; Feed unit
Fu, originally one of the six meanings in The Book of Songs, is a literary expression. Later, people called the article written in this way Fu, which has been used ever since. Qu Yuan's Chu Ci is also called Fu. Ban Gu said, "The giver also flows ancient poems." Liu Xie said: "The giver, the poet's order, is entrusted by Chu Ci." "Gift givers, shops, shops, articles and articles." "Dissociating from the text means describing with gorgeous words, which refers to the expression of Fu; Writing ambition with things is to describe objective things and express the author's feelings, which refers to the content of Fu. Fu is a variant of poetry, which has the characteristics of both poetry and prose, lays out facts and pays attention to literary talent. It is mainly composed of four words and six sentences, rhyming with three clips and five rhymes. Fu was the most prosperous in the Han Dynasty, so Han Fu is also called ancient Fu, also called Tang Poetry and Song Poetry. It is characterized by long length, many questions and answers, scattered rhymes and miscellaneous words, and likes to use uncommon words. Such as Jia Yi's Bird Fu, Sima Xiangru's Zixu Fu, Shanglin Fu and Ban Gu's DuDu Fu. In the Six Dynasties, it was called Parallel Prose, also called Parallel Prose, which was characterized by short space and emphasized parallel couples and allusions. It was used in scientific research in the Tang and Song Dynasties, and it was called Lvfu. It paid attention to format, antithesis, flatness and rhyme, and it was no more than 400 words. After the middle Tang Dynasty, influenced by the movement of ancient prose, it became prose, characterized by irregular sentence patterns, random rhymes, fluent writing, approaching prose and getting farther and farther away from poetry. For example, Du Mu's A Gong Fang Fu and Ouyang Xiu's Qiu Sheng Fu. On the other hand, Fu can be divided into four categories: Sao Style, Parallel Style, Literary Fu and Miscellaneous Fu.
7. Yuefu
Yuefu was originally established by Liu Che, the Emperor of the Han Dynasty, as an official office for managing music. It also created and collected folk poems and music, which were later called Yuefu poems. During the Wei, Jin and Tang Dynasties, the poems and unpleasant works copied by later generations on the topic of Yuefu were collectively called Yuefu.
Yuefu, which is dominated by miscellaneous words and five words, is excellent and has a great influence on later generations. For example, "upward slope" is a kind of miscellaneous words; "Peacock flies southeast" is five words; Nineteen Ancient Poems marks the maturity of Han Yuefu. Du Fu's Three Officials and Three Farewells is a masterpiece imitating Yuefu. For example, the second poem of Nineteen Ancient Poems, Grass on the Green Side, is a Yuefu poem that expresses the feelings of parting and sentimentality.
Grass by the green river and willow in the dark garden.
Yingying is a woman upstairs with eyes as bright as windows.
E-E's pink makeup makes her hands delicate.
She used to be a housewife, but now she is a slut.
It's hard to stay in an empty bed without going home.
The most prominent features of this poem are as follows: ① The use of double person and double observation points is convenient for objective description and subjective inner world display. (2) Unique conception. It is a complete artistic conception process to describe the objective external environment first, then the character form, and finally show the inner world of the character. Superb use of overlapping words, such as green and melancholy, describes the objective environment; Yingying and Jiao Jiao described a woman's elegant manners; E E and slim are used to describe women's makeup and the softness of their fingers. The image of "slut" is vivid and vivid, with both external dynamic beauty and internal depressed beauty, which is very artistic.
8. Gehang
Gexing is a kind of classical poetry, belonging to Yuefu. Syllables and meter are relatively free, and the length of sentences is uneven. Xu Shi, a scholar in the Ming Dynasty, once said in the preface to distinguishing styles: "Those who talk about love for a long time and have no way are called songs"; The pace is rushing, and those who are sparse but not sluggish say' line'; This is also a song. "
For example, Liu Bang's Song of the Big Wind in the Han Dynasty: "The wind rises in Yunfei, and Wei Jiahai returns to his hometown. Andrew's brave guards the quartet? " It shows the sorrow of the winner. Xiang Yu's "Gaixia Song": "If you pull out the mountain, you will be angry with the world, and if it is unfavorable, you will not die. What can I do if I don't die? " It shows the sorrow of losers. In fact, both Liu Bang and Xiang Yu are sentimental about people's smallness. Another example is Cao Cao's "Short Songs": "What is the geometry of life when singing about wine? ..... "Chen Ling once pointed out:" This poem is also the purpose of thinking about the brave in Han Gaozu's "Da Feng Ge". " Chen Zizhan said in "Talking about Cao Cao": This poem is "generous and sad, out of tune through the ages. ..... the style of his poems is just commensurate with his personality. "
Pay attention to poems in the form of songs, and the titles don't always have words like songs.
9. Classical poetry
Classical poetry, also known as "ancient poetry" or "ancient style", is relative to "modern poetry" Including Yuefu in Han and Wei Dynasties, Yuefu folk songs in Southern and Northern Dynasties, and literati poems in this period. Free form, unlimited length, more spoken language, no emphasis on antithesis, and a wide range of rhymes.
10. New Poetry
Compared with classical poetry, new-style poetry was formed in the period of Emperor Wu of the Qi Dynasty in the Southern Dynasty, also known as "Yongming style", which is a poetic style transformed from classical poetry to modern poetry in the Tang Dynasty. During the reign of Qi Yongming, Zhou discovered the four tones of Chinese characters. At the same time, Shen Yue studied the harmony of sound, rhyme and tone in poetry according to the overlapping rhyme of four tones and two tones, and put forward the poetic theory of "four tones and eight diseases". Four tones: Ping (Yin Ping, Yang Ping), Up, Forward, Ping is Ping, Up is silent. Eight diseases: flat head, upper tail, bee waist, crane knee, big rhyme, small rhyme, side button and right button. This has formed a new style of metrical poetry. This poetic style is a great progress in paying attention to meter, but it is a bad tendency to pay too much attention to meter, antithesis, rhetoric and other forms and ignore the content. Therefore, there are not many excellent poems in this period, and only Xie Yue's photos are better. Such as "Song of Entering Korea" and "Yu Jiefen".
1 1. Modern Poetry
Modern poetry, also known as "modern poetry", is the general name of the regular poems and quatrains formed in the Tang Dynasty. Modern poetry has strict rules on the number, number of words, parallelism and rhyme of sentences: the number of each poem is fixed (except arrangement); The number of words in each poem is fixed; Generally, the rhyme is flat, and it is not allowed to change rhyme, and the rhyme position is fixed; There are rules in every sentence and every word; Some sentences must be antagonistic.
12. New Poetry
New poetry, also known as "modern poetry", generally refers to poems after the May 4th Movement, including modern metrical poems, free poems and prose poems, as opposed to old-style poems (ancient poems, new poems and modern poems). It is characterized by breaking through the limitation of the old-style poetry meter, adopting vernacular Chinese and modern phonology close to spoken language, being overall neat, free in rhyme, lively and easy to express complicated modern life and thoughts and feelings, and being easily accepted by the masses.
13. Metric poetry
Metric poetry is a poem written in a fixed format and strict rhythm. The so-called "having a fixed number of articles, a fixed number of sentences, a fixed tone of words and a fixed rhyme position" means that there are certain norms, rules and regulations in terms of words, sentences, stanzas, parallelism, antithesis, rhyme and variation. China's ancient metrical poems, quatrains, lyrics, Japanese haiku and western sonnets are all metrical poems.
14. Poetic quatrains
Regular poems are generally eight sentences each, and one or two sentences are called the first couplet; Three or four sentences are called couplets; Five or six sentences are called necklaces; Seven or eight sentences are called tail connection. 2468 sentences must rhyme, and the first sentence can be played or closed, usually with even rhyme. Parallel couplets and necklaces must struggle with each other. How many words (words) there are in each sentence is called number law, such as five laws and seven laws; Each song has more than eight sentences, which is called long law; Each song has six sentences, which are called three rhymes; Half of every eight sentences (four sentences) are called quatrains, such as five quatrains and seven quatrains. There were quatrains before the Tang Dynasty, which were called archaic quatrains. The quatrains after the Tang Dynasty are called quatrains.
The internal structure of metrical poems and quatrains is a link between the preceding and the following. There are horizontal rhymes and oblique rhymes, which are subject to the level of the second word in the first sentence.
15.
Ci, also known as Quzi Ci, Yuefu, long and short sentences, poetry, piano interest and so on. It originated in the Sui Dynasty, formed in the middle and late Tang Dynasty and prevailed in the Song Dynasty.
"Quzi" in "Quzi Ci" means "Le Yan" tune; "Ci" is a lyric in harmony with these tunes. Writing new words according to the rhythm of music is called "lyrics" (according to the sound), and then filling them according to the number of words, sentences, rhythm and prosody of previous works, which is separated from music and becomes a kind of metrical poem with uneven sentences. Words have tones, and each tone has a specific name called "epigraph". The tone of speech is different, and the number, rhythm, number of words in each sentence, sentence pattern, rhythm and so on have different specifications. Chen Tingjing, Wang Yiqing, etc. The co-edited King James Dictionary * * * received 2306 formats.
There are three ways to classify words:
The first one is divided into order (sharp music), guidance and approach (tune) and slow music (slow music) according to the different musical rhythms. For example, the 16-character order, Cui Hua's introduction, good things close, slow management and so on.
The second classification method is divided into minor (less than 58 words), middle tone (59-90 words) and long tone (more than 9 1 word) according to the number of sentences and words.
The third method can be divided into monosyllabic (monosyllabic), disyllabic (two tones, divided into upper and lower tones or upper and lower tones), trisyllabic (three tones), quartic (four tones), overlapping rhyme (doubling the original rhyme into two tones) and antithesis (words with more than two tones are combined together, including common couplets, drum words and turn steps).
There are five sources of epigrams:
(1) Music evolved from the original works of Tang music, such as Bodhisattva Man and Sauvignon Blanc. ② It evolved from the excerpts of Tang Daqu, and some of these words are labeled as "Song Tou", such as "Water Regulating Song Tou"; Some are labeled as "Picking up", such as "Picking up all the clear waves"; Some words are not marked. (3) It is formed by changing the original tone of words, such as "desolate offender"; The tune is "Tune Fang Ting"; The promotion of filming includes "promoting filming mulberry"; Pave and break "Pave and break Jiangchengzi"; Tim has Tim Yang Liuzhi; There is "Minus Magnolia"; Stealing voices include "Stealing Magnolia". Take ready-made poems, or summarize their contents, or borrow their names, such as Dianjiang Lip and Qinyuanchun. ⑤ It is named or renamed from the words in this tune, such as "Recalling Jiangnan" and "Like a Dream".
16. quart (abbreviation of quart)
Qu in a broad sense refers to all kinds of qu characters that can be entered into music since Qin and Han Dynasties. Music in a narrow sense refers to music that is juxtaposed with poems and words. That is, Nanqu and Beiqu in Song Dynasty and Beiqu which prevailed in Yuan Dynasty thereafter. It is divided into drama (zaju, legend) and Sanqu (poem, divertimento). Songs and words are written by sound, with similar styles, but songs are more flexible than words. Songs, in general, can be inserted in addition to the number of words, which is more free, colloquial, colloquial and slang.
Let's introduce Sanqu first. Sanqu originated from folk tunes in the Jin and Yuan Dynasties, also known as oratorio. There are two kinds: small orders and sets. Poetry refers to a single ditty, which can be divided into two styles: elegant and popular. The elegant one is Yuefu, and the popular one is Ye Er, such as Ma Zhiyuan's Yue Diao Jing Tian Sha Qiu Si. The number of sets, also known as Sanqu or divertimento, is composed of several tunes of the same palace tune, regardless of length and rhyme, and is suitable for narrative, such as Sui's "Going Home with a Whistle".
The "Gongdiao" mentioned above refers to the title of the tune. Ancient music has twelve tones (twelve chromatic scales) and seven tones (palace, top, angle, sign change, sign change, feather change and palace change), which are combined into seventy-two tones of the twelve palaces, which are collectively called eighty-four palace tones. There were 28 in Tang and Song Dynasties and 19 in Southern Song Dynasty. Zhou Deqing, a poet in the Yuan Dynasty, listed the phonology of the Central Plains as six palaces and eleven tones, *** 17. The most common northern songs are the Five Palaces (Gong Zheng, Lv Zhong Palace, Lu Nan Palace, Lv Xian Palace and Huangzhong Palace) and the Four Tunes (Dashi, Shuangdiao, Upgraded and Yuediao), such as Guan Hanqing's "Double Tune Intoxicated with the East Wind". If several tunes of Gongdiao are combined to sing a story, it is called combination, or Zhugongdiao.
17. Sonnets
Sonnet, also known as "Shanglai Style", is a lyrical style with strict meter in the west. There are different opinions about its origin. It was first popular in Renaissance Italy, and then in Britain, France and Germany.
Sonnets in Italian style, also known as Petrarch style, consist of two paragraphs of four lines and two paragraphs of three lines. The syllables are neat, and the rhyme mode is: the first two sections are generally A, B, A, B, A, and the last two sections are changed to six lines or two rhymes or three rhymes.
Shakespeare's sonnets, also known as Elizabethan style, consist of three sections and four lines and one section and two lines. The rhyming methods are generally A, B, C, D, E, G and G. ..
For example, the 29th song (translated by Tu An):
Once I lose my happiness and am looked down upon,
Crying alone, complaining that people abandoned me,
Let the deaf heaven cry in vain,
Look at yourself again, only hate bad luck.
I wish I were like everyone else: or have a bright future,
Or beauty, or friends like clouds,
Want to have this person's authority, that person's talent,
I am most satisfied with myself, but least satisfied.
But in this almost demeaning thought,
I occasionally think of you-my heart.
Suddenly, like a lark at dawn, it flies from the gloomy land.
Rush to Tianmen to sing hymns.
I remember your sweet love, which was a fortune.
Teach me to disdain to change the situation with the emperor.
This is a poem that enthusiastically praises love (or friendship). Rhyme: Ann, me, Ann, me; a、I、a、I； Me, Ai, Me, Ai; Ao and ao conform to the rules we mentioned above. The internal structure law of the whole poem is also the same as that of our country's regular poem: the first section, the poet laments his own bad luck; In the second quarter, people who continue to write poems secretly feel inferior; In the third quarter, when the poet felt sorry for himself and belittled himself, he suddenly remembered his precious friendship, so his spirit suddenly cheered up; In the fourth quarter, the poet is in high spirits, which is in contrast with the opening lines. The whole poem has completed a process of ideological transformation, from depression to cheer up, from depression to comfort, from inferiority to pride, which embodies the spiritual strength of love (or friendship), especially in the last section, which points out the theme and becomes a famous saying, showing the poet's humanistic thought of putting love first.
18. Haiku
Haiku, including Japanese and Chinese, also belongs to metrical poetry.
Japanese Fu is one of the shortest poems in Japan, which is composed of 17, also known as "seventeen characters". There are two basic principles: ① 17 tone, which is divided into five, seven and five segments; (2) On the topic of seasons, every haiku should have a sentence about the four seasons, usually in the first line. In addition, there are two kinds of rhymes: alliteration and alliteration, which can be completely optional. In content, the earliest theme was humor and free and easy. Haiku was once called "Haiku", but it was not until Matsuo Bashō (1644-1694) that it entered the art hall with a serious theme.
For example, Matsuo Bashō's Untitled: "Lonely ancient pond/frog jumps into the water/splashes"; He Qiandai Du Fu: "Thinking about Du Fu in the quiet night/thinking that Du Fu doesn't know/the morning star hangs in the sky".
China haiku, China haiku written by imitating Japanese haiku. Generally speaking, Hanuo has six characteristics: ① ② Tiannuo; (3) Appropriate arrangement of leveling, rhyming with the last word of each line; (4) The three lines are connected into one line, and the last line has a aftertaste and is profound and concise; (5) There are white words, shallow and deep, which can be recited; ⑥ More than lyricism and scenery writing, less than narration.
For example, Wen Xiang's "Endeavour Don't Wander": "I hope the teenager/sorrow in the mirror/endeavor don't wander"; Zhao Wangjin's Tailor: "Golden scissors cut spring/silver needles attract colorful clouds/the length is satisfactory".
19. Miniature Poetry
Ma said: "In lyric poetry, a poem that can be written on a page, that is, a poem within twelve lines, is called a poem. Then, poems within twelve lines, that is, poems within six lines, are called mini-poems. " Some people also call miniature poems half-cut, that is, poems within three lines, miniature poems. For example, Mu Ren's 500 mini-poetry reviews all collected poems with 1-3 lines.
Mini-poems are characterized by being short and pithy, concise and fascinating.
He Jingzhi said, "Micro-poetry is not small." Mu Ren said: "Miniature poems are concise in language, exquisite in form and delicate in meaning." Lv Jin said: "More mini-poems tend to be rational", "The rationality of poetry should be straight, white, empty and mysterious. Miniature poems should draw a clear line with maxims and distinguish them from riddles. " In fact, in order to make the principle of mini-poetry not straight, white, empty, mysterious and withered, we must deal with the problem of "mind and things", that is, the problem of "meaning and image". Poets first have feelings (meaning) and then skillfully express them with things (images), which is called the materialization of feelings; Poets foresee things with their eyes and then express their feelings with images, which is called emotionalization of images. It would be great if we could make a "two-agreement", that is, intentionally have images. Don't be like it intentionally or unintentionally. Such as "pride makes people lag behind, modesty makes people progress." Intention, no image, no poem; "Elephants never intend to lose weight." Images are unintentional, not poems; "Spring Breeze": "Kiss the peach blossom after swinging on the wicker". Deliberately having images is a good poem. Lv Jin said: "The meaning of images is endless, just where there is no ink, and the smoke is vast." For example, Bing Xin's Stars and Springs, Zong Baihua's Walking Clouds, Feng Jicai's Spirituality, Ma Junwei's Seeking Truth and Wang Erbei and Kong Fu's Poems are all simple, lively, light and beautiful.
20. Prose poetry
Prose poetry is a poetic style with the characteristics of both lyric prose and lyric poetry. Formally, it is prose, which is not divided into lines, is not bound by a fixed format, does not require a clear rhythm, rhymes or not, and generally has a short length; The content is poetic, like a round apple, full of sweet juice, giving people a strong artistic infection with inner passion. There are both emotional beauty, artistic conception beauty, concise beauty and musical beauty; And flexible and diverse. Such as Liu Yuxi's Humble Room Inscription, Lu Xun's Wild Grass, Gorky's Haiyan, Liushahe's Grass, Metasequoia's Mountains and Clouds, Tagore's prose poems and so on.