Chinese name: Zhang Xuecheng
Alias: Zishizhai
Nationality: China.
Place of Birth: Shaoxing, Zhejiang, China (Ancient Collection)
Date of birth: 1738
Date of death: 180 1 year.
Occupation: historian and writer in Qing dynasty
Main achievements: the theory of "six classics are all history"
Masterpiece: General Meaning of Literature and History
brief introduction
Zhang Xuecheng is an outstanding historical theorist and local chronicler in Qing Dynasty. Formerly known as Wen 'ao. This literary guardian, called Shi Zhai, is called Shao Yan. Shaoxing people. Zhang Xuecheng has a strong interest in literature and history since childhood and is determined to seek knowledge. Imperial academy, 26. Zhu Jun, a 28-year-old bachelor of Beijing Normal University, can explore his rich library and discuss academic origins, similarities and differences with celebrities and scholars visiting Zhumen, thus making great progress in his studies. In the forty-two years of Qianlong (1777), he was selected after having obtained the provincial examination, and he was admitted to Jinshi in the following year. He has taught imperial academy classics, such as Dingzhou Dingwu, Baoding Lianchi and Gui Dewen Zheng. Later, he entered the shogunate of Bi Yuan, Governor of Huguang, and assisted in compiling books such as "Continuing to Manage Mirrors". I think pedantry is not suitable for this world, and I don't want to be an official. I give lectures in academies in Baoding, Dingzhou and Guide. In the thirty-seventh year of Qianlong (1772), he began to write the general meaning of literature and history, and he never stopped for more than 20 years. He also applied for compiling local chronicles of Hezhou, Yongqing, Bozhou, Changde and Jingzhou, and participated in the revision of Hubei Tongzhi. Zhang Xuecheng was down and out all his life. Since the age of 32, because of his father's death, he made a living by giving lectures and compiling records, and his life was very difficult. He is knowledgeable and has unique views on historical theory. Because of his social status and economic strength, he failed to fully display his talents and ambitions. He specially edited 12' s historical records exam and never came out. The general meaning of literature, history and literature was only engraved with the title of the book before his death. In the 12th year of Daoguang (1832), the second son published 8 volumes for the first time. Later, a close friend Ye Changqing wrote a letter. In addition, there are 4 volumes of Collation of Yi Tong, 2 volumes of Local Records, 8 volumes of Collected Works, 2 volumes of External Collection, 4 volumes of Hubei Tongzhi Collated Draft, Incomplete Draft 1 Volume, External Compilation 18 and so on. He died in 65438+. Zhang Xuecheng specialized in and participated in more than ten local chronicles all his life, and wrote a lot of commentaries. The process of compiling local chronicles is also the gradual maturity of Zhang Xuecheng's historical theory. He was called the founder of China local chronicles by Liang Qichao with his systematic theory of local chronicles. Zhang Xuecheng's ideological focus on compiling local chronicles has undergone two changes, from focusing on the artistic description of local chronicles to focusing on how to preserve local chronicles anecdotes, from trying to preserve local chronicles anecdotes to separating local chronicles from anecdotes. He created a set of examples of compiling local chronicles and put forward the idea of dividing local chronicles into three volumes. Three Books of Fang Zhili can be said to be the essence of local chronicles founded by Zhang Xuecheng. Its appearance marks the maturity of Zhang Xuecheng's local chronicles theory, the perfection of local chronicles compilation style and the establishment of local chronicles. The achievements and honors of editing this paragraph.
I dabbled in history books in my early years, and went to Beijing in my middle age to visit a group of books. Forty-three years after Qianlong, he was a scholar and an official in imperial academy. After leaving his post, he gave lectures in colleges such as Lianchi and Guizheng in Baoding. At the age of 53, he entered the shogunate of Bi Yuan, Governor of Huguang, majoring in Hubei Tongzhi. Blind in his later years, he still insisted on writing. He was in the heyday of Jiagan Sinology, advocating historiography and being unique. Correcting the deviation of attaching importance to classics but neglecting history with the theory of "Six Classics are all history", and opposing the style of study of "seeking the past instead of the present, and sacrificing personnel for nature". It is advocated that "historiography should learn from the world" and "being a historian should know its meaning" Elaborate historical examples, commend general history writing and attach importance to the party.
Zhang Xuecheng
He compiled local chronicles, put forward the idea of bibliography, and established a more systematic theory of history and bibliography. Because his theory was not in line with the academic circles for a while, it didn't spread until the late Qing Dynasty. The chronicles of Hezhou, Yongqing and Bozhou are valued by later generations. The representative works are "General Meaning of Literature and History" and "General Meaning of Schools", which are of high academic value. There are also "Local Records" and "Collected Works of Shizhai". Later generations compiled Zhang's suicide note, and once compiled Historical Records Examination, which was ambitious, but unfortunately it was not written and the manuscript was lost. Edit this paragraph of Zhang Xuecheng's life experience.
Zhang Xuecheng (1738- 180 1 year), born in Huiji, Zhejiang (now Shaoxing), was an outstanding historical critic in the late feudal society of China. Zhang Xuecheng not only criticized the past literature and history, but also put forward the idea of compiling literature and history. His specific methods of compiling history books are also reflected in various local chronicles he compiled.
teenagers
Zhang Xuecheng put forward some famous theories, such as "applying the world to practice", "all the six classics are history", "historians know what they mean" and "historians", and established his own theoretical system of historiography. At the same time, on the basis of summarizing predecessors' experience in compiling local chronicles, he put forward such important viewpoints as "local chronicles should be faithful to history", "three books", "four styles" and "distinguishing local chronicles from styles", and suggested that counties and counties should "specialize in local chronicles", established the theoretical system of local chronicles and established local chronicles, thus establishing its important position in the history of Qing Dynasty. Zhang Xuecheng recalled his childhood in "Learning with Sun Runan" and said: "Servants are still a group of children, playing around. At that time, they listened to the meaning of history, selfish and happy, suspicious and questioning, and sometimes there were people who were not planned by adults. " This shows that Zhang Xuecheng was interested in Confucian classics and historical theories since he was a child.
Zhang Xuecheng
I have a strong interest, and comments often surprise adults, showing good qualifications in this field. When Zhang Xuecheng was fifteen or sixteen years old, he went to Yingcheng, Hubei with his father and studied under the librarian. But he was very tired of it, so he secretly persuaded his wife to take off her gold and silver jewelry, hired a the little scribe in the county to copy biographies inside and outside the Spring and Autumn Period, as well as children and history books of the Eastern Zhou Dynasty and the Warring States Period overnight, and then analyzed them according to his own intentions, regrouped them and compiled them into history books of disciplines, tables, records and genres, *** 100. However, before these things were completed, he was "accused of wasting" because of the librarian's feelings. It can be seen that the main experience of his youth was also used in historiography.
Adult ambition
It was at the age of 29 that he really came up with the idea of writing a historical theory book. Zhang Xuecheng once said: "It is not pure, but too complicated to taste the examples of twenty-one families. Therefore, if we want to examine all the failures, it is about the laws of science. As a few articles, let me discuss the main purpose of sharpening. " Zhang Xuecheng's unfortunate experience in imperial academy Archives Bureau is the direct reason that prompted him to make up his mind to start writing literature and history. In the thirty-second year of Qianlong (1767), Zhang Xuecheng entered the imperial academy Archives Bureau to participate in the compilation and editing of imperial academy's archives because of "the second and third issues, and the accusation was pushed by words". But once I entered the Chronicle Bureau, I felt constrained everywhere and it was difficult to display my talents. What makes him particularly angry is that the director of the local bureau is jealous of talents and relies on his own power to reverse right and wrong, crowding out and cracking down on truly talented and knowledgeable people. A few years later, Zhang Xuecheng couldn't bear it anymore and left the Local Records Bureau angrily. Shortly after he left Zhiju, he wrote a long letter to Mr. Zhu Chunpu, who had been the examiner of Shuntian township entrance examination and had always cared about and valued him, stating the reasons for leaving Zhiju and his future plans. He said: "learn to be sincere to thank you suddenly, not to see nothing." Yesterday, Li Ao tasted the three hundred years of humanistic prosperity in the Tang Dynasty and the prosperity of several generations to three generations in the Han Dynasty. But in history, no one can compete with Fan and Chen Chengzuo, thinking that he is not as good as sighing. Before Shen Yue, there were 15 survivors, 13 survivors and 15 descendants. Historians in the Tang Dynasty were assigned to Cao Jian, but since then, talents have lost to Chen and Fan, and their potential has been consolidated. Every time Liu Ziyuan devoted himself to world history, he lived between Jingyun and Kaiyuan, and the three dynasties were history. He knew at that time, such as Xu Jian and Jason Wu, not for anyone, but for Xiao Zhizhong and Zong Chuke. , are deadly, bloated, sit in the past, grab the front, use them to chisel Fiona Fang, can not reach the goal, but also hurt people. Ziyuan has been an official for ten years, and he has retired from office. Therefore, since I left Beijing, I have written a lot and considered the art forest. As a "Literature and History", although the book has not been completed, the general idea has been seen. " Liu Zhiji, Zi Ziyuan, was a famous historical theorist in the Tang Dynasty. He has been a historian for many years. Later, because he couldn't stand the decadent bureaucratic system of bloated historians, wrangling with each other and being jealous of talents, he left angrily and wrote Shi Tong back, thus becoming a generation of history.
Zhang Xuecheng
Learn famous books. By describing Liu Zhiji's experience in the History Museum, Zhang Xuecheng not only hinted at the reason why he left the Local Records Bureau, but also explained the reason and motivation why he started writing literature and history. Zhang Xuecheng has never made clear the writing age of Yi Tong, but he can infer it from some of his tracks and remarks. In the above-mentioned letter to Zhu Chunpu, Zhang Xuecheng also said: "Since leaving the capital, it has been regarded as" literature and history. "This shows that Shi Wen Yi Tong's writing time of this book should be shortly after he left the capital. According to the information in his letter, in the second year after leaving Beijing, that is, 20 years after leaving his hometown, Zhang Xuecheng wrote "Literature and History". Zhang Xuecheng left his hometown in 1753, so the writing time of Shi Wen Yi Tong should be 1772, and Zhang Xuecheng was 35 years old. Because Zhang was poor all his life, he often had to travel around to make a living, which made him unable to sit down and engage in academic research. Therefore, Shi Wen Yi Tong's writing is intermittent, and the progress is very difficult and slow. One year before Xue Cheng died, he became blind from overwork. Even so, he insisted on writing. However, every day is a holiday, and his planned articles "Tong Yuan" and "Spring and Autumn Annals" died with regret before he started writing. It can be seen that from Zhang Xuecheng's death at the age of 35 to 64, the writing of literature and history lasted for 29 years. But technically, it's not over. Edit this resume.
Academic direction
I have been teaching, writing and editing local chronicles all my life. Liu Tang's Shi Wen Yi Tong is also known as the masterpiece of historical theory. He compiled Textual Research on Historical Records, and planned to collect all ancient and modern historical books with a total catalogue of 325 volumes, but the book was not completed and the manuscript was lost. The compiled local chronicles have been handed down from generation to generation in Hezhou, Bozhou and Yongqing. He once majored in "Hubei Tongzhi" and has dozens of manuscripts. Philosophically, the proposition that "Tao (reason) is in the object (thing)" is put forward, and it is believed that "Tao" is the law of objective things, and "seeking Tao" should be based on the actual investigation of things. The theory of "Six Classics are all history" advocates that the study of Confucian classics should be combined with the textual research of historical materials and the development of righteousness, which leads the study of Confucian classics to history, reflecting its academic trend of getting rid of the shackles of the old tradition of Confucian classics. The paper pays attention to the content, opposes the tendency of retro and formalism, and criticizes the abuses of Tongcheng School at that time. His theory was not taken seriously until the late Qing Dynasty. Zhang's suicide note was published in 1922.
academic debate
Zhang Xuecheng advocated that "the six classics are all history", and the study of classics and history have their own characteristics. Literature, History and Tongyi consists of 9 volumes (6 internal chapters and 3 external chapters), which is a famous academic theoretical work in the middle of Qing Dynasty. Among them, Wen De, Wen Li and Shi De have the most opinions on literary theory. He opposed Tongcheng School's emphasis on "righteousness" and Yuan Mei's emphasis on "God". In Wende and a paper with Zhu, he thinks that the composition should be "sincere in words" and "respectful". The so-called "respect" means to be serious; In other words, criticism should be established.
Zhang Xuecheng
The right time, the right place and the right people, knowing people and discussing the world, are reasonable. In "Arts and Sciences", it is believed that "learning literature can teach the receiver Fiona Fang's rules, but it cannot be formulated by the receiver's mind". The premise of this paper is to emphasize that "the power of reading and nourishing qi is the essence of Bo Gu's classics, the benefit of being close to teachers and friends, and the method of drawing materials for help". The key point is to criticize the "grammar theory" that gives up the foundation. In Shide, it is considered that "spiritual prosperity and sincere feelings" are "the best in the world". In Answering Shen Feng's Learning, we advocate "literary invention" (that is, innovation) and "practical application". There are ten disadvantages in classical Chinese, and we should oppose such bad styles as "not keeping up with the times", "gilding the lily", "acting" and "cutting the foot to fit the shoes". All these have the function of criticizing the disadvantages of the times. The articles made are also fluent and informative, so as to win through discussion. Literature and History is annotated by Ye Changqing, a close friend. In addition, four volumes of Textual Research, two volumes of Brief Examples of Local Records, eight volumes of Collected Works, two volumes of Foreign Records, four volumes of Hubei Local Records, unfinished records 1 volume, and foreign editions 18 volume are all included in Xing Wu Jiayetang. Edit other information in this paragraph.
Zhang Xuecheng's famous saying: 1, the word is stone, and the hammer is known. 2, learning must seek its experience, and the industry has specialization. 3, reading is like eating, people who eat well grow up, and people who eat badly get sick. Edit the representative works in this paragraph.
Huang Zongxi, a progressive thinker in the early Qing Dynasty, founded the East Zhejiang Historiography School. There are two most striking features in the history of eastern Zhejiang: advocating the study of practical use and paying attention to the study of history. After Huang's death, the influence of East Zhejiang historiography was not as good as that of Textual Research School, but it was passed down from generation to generation. In the Ganjia era, Zhang Xuecheng became the main representative of this school. Learning to write "The Meaning of Literature and History" with the aim of historical meaning not only inherited the fine tradition of attaching importance to historical research in East Zhejiang historiography, but also established its own theoretical system of respecting righteousness in the field of historiography, which made great contributions to the development of historiography in Qing Dynasty, so it is not unreasonable for later generations to call him the temple army of East Zhejiang historiography. Liu Zhiji, a famous historical theorist in the Tang Dynasty, created the first peak in the history of China's historical criticism. If future generations want to catch up with or surpass him, they must find the gap left by their predecessors, and use this as a breakthrough to create their own theoretical system, and never take the road taken by their predecessors. Zhang Xuecheng made his mark in historical theory when he was young. People compare him with Liu Zhiji, but he is not happy. Instead, I argued: "I am a historian, a gift, and I am confident that I can set an example. This is mostly for future generations, while people are planning to stay in Liu Zhiji. I don't know Ada's historical method, but I speak about historical significance; Liu is talking about the establishment of the library bureau, and I am talking about a book. There are two different ways, and they don't enter each other. " It is precisely because Zhang Xuecheng strongly advocated the significance of history in his book "Literature and History" and said what Liu Zhiji didn't say that he was able to set up the second peak in the history of China's historical criticism, and truly stood on an equal footing with Liu Zhiji, otherwise he would not be as good as Liu Zhiji anyway. Zhang Xuecheng's second purpose in writing Literature, History and Yi Tong is to study the gains and losses of his works. He clearly stated this purpose in the article "On Learning from Chen Jianting". In addition, this meaning has been expressed many times in other articles. The so-called "proofreading" is not limited to the general proofreading work of checking books and correcting mistakes. More importantly, it is to distinguish academic chapters and investigate the source of mirrors. Zhang Xuecheng once defined this word in the preface of his other book "Collation Meaning": "Collation meaning comes from the division of Liu Xiang's father and son, and is obtained by examining the chapters and mirrors. Those who don't understand the subtlety of Ming Dow's family and gain or lose from group talk are not worrying. " His definition of the word "proofreading" was naturally confirmed in the book "Literature and History". For example, he said in the article "Reading with Yan Dongyou": "The spirit of thinking together is the learning of the school. Going up to the class and Liu, tracing the official ceremony, carving the dragon and stone, distinguishing between name and reality, and distinguishing between flowers and flowers are books of literature and history. " There are gains and losses in Zhang Xuecheng's works, the most important of which is historical works. He said in the article "Uncle Zhu": "There have been several talks recently, and the topic seems to be classics, thinking that there is a struggle for balance. This is not enough to argue. " On this point, as long as you open the general meaning of literature and history and look at its content, it will be clear at a glance. On this basis, many scholars think that it is a history of China's historical criticism or historical theory, which is reasonable, but in a strict sense, this definition is biased. Because the book "Literature, History and Yi Tong" also includes the evaluation and proofreading of literature, especially historical literature. Zhang Xuecheng clearly pointed out in the article Qian Shang Messing Official Book that proofreading includes not only history, but also literature. Zhang Xuecheng is a leading figure in the history of eastern Zhejiang. He has inherited and developed the historical thought of eastern Zhejiang. He believes that writing history is not qualified to talk about history if it does not conform to the personnel at that time. He said: "History is so practical that it is not empty talk. Moreover, like the Six Classics, they all originated from Confucius, and the ancients thought that their merits and demerits were greater than those of the Spring and Autumn Annals, which was in line with the personnel at that time. After the writer's words, I don't give up the present and beg for the past. I don't know what it's like to give up people. Scholars don't know justice, let alone history. " (Literature and History Yi Tong, a scholar in eastern Zhejiang) Literature and History Yi Tong was annotated by Ye Changqing. In addition, 4 volumes of Yi Tong Collation, 2 volumes of Local Records, 8 volumes of Collected Works, 2 volumes of External Collection, 4 volumes of Hubei Tongzhi Collation, 4 volumes of Unfinished Draft 1 Volume and External Compilation 18 are all included in Xing Wu Jiayetang. Edit this historical view
Emphasize historical significance
Zhang Xuecheng said in the article "Annals of Hezhou": "Zheng Qiao has knowledge of history but no history, Ceng Gong has knowledge of history but no history method, and Liu Zhiji has history method but no history meaning. This is what Shi Wen Yi Tong did. " Here, by comparing with the above-mentioned scholars, he clearly pointed out that he wrote the book "General Meaning of Literature and History" only to illustrate historical significance. In addition, he also talked about the importance of expounding historical significance in many chapters of Shi Wen Yi Tong. For example, in his article Literature, History, Yi Tong and Gong Yan, he said: "Being a historian and knowing what he means does not mean telling stories, but just seeking the end of things." The article "Literature and History" says: "History is precious and righteousness is also." In the chapter "Zhongzheng", he said: "Historians don't seek righteousness, why do they write?" Wait a minute. Why does Zhang Xuecheng emphasize the importance of historical significance so much? He believes that historiography mainly includes three parts: historical events, historical essays and historical significance, among which historical significance is the soul, so it is the most important. He said in the article "The General Meaning of Shen Zheng's Literature and History": "When Confucius wrote Spring and Autumn Annals, he said that his work was the bronze inscription of Qi Huan and his work was history. He meant that Confucius claimed that he had gained something." On this basis, Zhang Xuecheng named his work "General Meaning of Literature and History", expressing the hope that he would be familiar with historical significance through the study of historical books and documents.
Explain historical significance
His highest purpose is to explain historical significance, which is also related to the academic background at that time. Since Gu initiated the school of textual research in the early Qing Dynasty, the Qing government adopted the policy of cultural absolutism combining high pressure with appeasement. In the period of Ganjia, textual research scholars buried themselves in ancient books all day and didn't care about the world, resulting in nothing. Zhang Xuecheng believes that this is from one extreme of empty talk of Ming people to the other extreme of overemphasizing truth, so we should correct the wind of textual research and carry forward his subjective opinions. In his book with Wang Longzhuang, he said, "Today's scholars have too much truth and too little drama, just like mulberry trees that have been chewed away, but they can't spin. I wrote "Yi Tong of Literature and History", and the discussion started in the middle. I really have to play it, which has opened the way for the history of generations. " It shows that I wrote Literature, History and Yi Tong with historical significance and the intention of correcting the current trend of textual research. The practical application of editing this paragraph by Zhang Xuecheng
The practical application of Zhang Xuecheng's thought is mainly reflected in the following aspects:
Support world religions and correct people's minds.
He said in the article "Notes on the Learning of Zhen Ting in the Early Period of Shang Yin": "It is shameful to study and write articles sincerely. Although the title of "Yi Tong" is literature and history, it teaches the local conditions and customs of the whole world, which means paying tribute. Often interpret ancient and modern times and steal the poet's meaning. " Xue Cheng's "secular education" here, of course, refers to the Confucian theory of benevolence and morality, which is his historical limitation, but we still have to treat this issue dialectically. Although this view of Zhang Xuecheng is negative politically, it is of progressive significance academically.
Reversing the rigid style of textual research
Yuan Mei opposed Tongcheng School and focused on "righteousness" and "spirit". In Wende and one of Zhu's papers, he thinks that the composition should be "sincere in words" and "respectful", and the so-called "respectful" means serious attitude; "When discussing the past, we must forgive", that is, when engaging in criticism, we should put ourselves in others' shoes, understand others and discuss the world, and be reasonable. In "Arts and Sciences", it is believed that "studying literature can teach the recipients rules and Fiona Fang, but it cannot be made by the recipients' mind". The premise of this paper is to emphasize that "the power of reading and nourishing qi is the essence of Bo Gu's classics, the benefit of being close to teachers and friends, and the method of drawing materials for help". The key point is to criticize the "grammar theory" that gives up the foundation. In Shide, it is considered that "spiritual prosperity and sincere feelings" are "the best in the world". In Answering Shen Feng's Theory of Learning, he advocated "literary invention" (that is, innovation) and "practical application". In Ten Disadvantages of Ancient Chinese Writing, we oppose such bad styles as "not keeping up with the times", "gilding the lily", "acting" and "cutting the foot to fit the shoes". All these have the function of criticizing the disadvantages of the times. The articles made are also fluent and informative, so as to win through discussion.
Expose and attack bad writing style
Expose and attack other bad styles of writing besides textual research. Zhang Xuecheng said in another book with Zhu: "This book is contemptuous, and all confidants can make it a paper. I don't know what the future is, but it's not entirely a literary and historical plan. I am angry about my life and write it in a book. A hundred years later, it may make the word "Yi Tong" and old Du Ge's poems feel depressed. Gong Yan and Shuo Lin's article in Yitong was an old manuscript more than ten years ago. Now it is urgently revised and published, not an urban article, but a decadent style. Scholars struggle with each other, and disputes are inevitable. I can make it reasonable, I can also open its thorns and calm its poison, while Qin Yi can see the purity of heaven and earth, the greatness of the ancients, or the hearts of local customs! " Although Zhang was good at historiography, he was never valued by the Qing government. Therefore, he applied his historical theory to the compilation practice of local chronicles. Editing local chronicles occupies a very important position in his life's activities, making him an extremely important person in the cause of local chronicles. Liang Qichao praised him as China's "ancestor of local chronicles" and "sage of local chronicles". After 1978, China local chronicles compilation upsurge, his local chronicles theory was also regarded as the enlightenment theory. Edit this section of Zhang Xuecheng's tomb.
Zhang Xuecheng's tomb is in Zhangjiatiantou, Wufang Village, Fuquan Town, Shaoxing County. Zhang Xuecheng died in 180 1 and was buried with his wife and concubine. The tomb site covers an area of more than two acres, with a circular plane, southeast direction, surrounded by stones, 2.5 meters high and 6 meters in diameter. There is a vertical monument in front of the tomb, 3 meters high and 1 meter wide. There are stone watchposts on both sides and a stone fence around the tomb, with a height of 1 m. The front end of the pyramid-shaped mound is bounded by two stones, which is square and 2 meters high. The tomb was demolished by local villagers in the 1960s.