1. The meaning of humanistic spirit
Name: humanism, humanism, humanitarianism.
Narrow sense: refers to a trend of thought during the Renaissance. Its core ideas are: ① caring about people, putting people first, attaching importance to human value, and opposing theological suppression of human nature; ② promoting human rationality and opposing theological suppression of human nature. The devaluation of rationality; ③ advocates spiritual pursuit and opposes theological asceticism.
In a broad sense: refers to a cultural tradition in Europe that began in ancient Greece. Simply put, it means caring about people, especially caring about people’s spiritual life; respecting the value of people, especially respecting the value of people as spiritual beings.
Topic 3: The Origin and Development of Western Humanistic Spirit
Lecture 1: The Origin of Western Humanistic Thought
Course Mark: Understanding the Ancient Greek School of Sophists and Socrates Understand the elaboration of human value by others and understand the connotation of humanistic spirit.
"2010 Examination Outline": The Origin of Western Humanistic Spirit
Knowledge Summary:
1. The Meaning of Humanistic Spirit
Name: Humanities ism, humanism, humanitarianism.
Narrow sense: refers to a trend of thought during the Renaissance. Its core ideas are: ① caring about people, putting people first, attaching importance to human value, and opposing theological suppression of human nature; ② promoting human rationality and opposing theological suppression of human nature. The devaluation of rationality; ③ advocates spiritual pursuit and opposes theological asceticism.
In a broad sense: refers to a cultural tradition in Europe that began in ancient Greece. Simply put, it means caring about people, especially caring about people’s spiritual life; respecting the value of people, especially respecting the value of people as spiritual beings.
2. School of Sophists:
1. Background:
① Economic basis: the rise and prosperity of slavery industry and commerce in ancient Greece
②Political conditions: The formation and development of the slave city-state of Athens, active democratic politics
③Talent structure: Scholars from all over the city gathered in the city-state of Athens, forming a good cultural atmosphere
2. Main points: "Man is the measure of all things"
3. Representative figure: Protagoras
4. Evaluation:
① Denies supernatural phenomena such as gods or fate The role of strength in social life establishes human dignity.
② However, the Sophist School overemphasizes individual subjective feelings and ignores the homosexuality that people know. This way of thinking opens the door to subjective arbitrariness and extreme individualism.
3. Socrates:
① Know yourself and pay attention to ethical and moral issues;
② "Knowledge is virtue", emphasizing the role of knowledge, that is The unity of knowledge and morality;
③ Make philosophy truly a science that studies "people".
4. Aristotle: - the master of classical philosophy (an encyclopedic thinker)
Famous quote: "I love my teacher, and I especially love the truth"
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Works: "Metaphysics", "Politics"
The greatest philosophical achievement: the creation of logic
Lecture 2: Renaissance and Reformation
Course Standard: Know the main works of Boccaccio and others and the main thoughts of Martin Luther and others, and understand the meaning of humanism during the Renaissance and Reformation.
"2010 Examination Outline": The Development of Western Humanistic Spirit——Renaissance and Reformation
Knowledge Summary:
1. Renaissance (14-17 century)
1. Historical background:
①Economic factors: the germination of Italian capitalism in the 14th and 15th centuries;
②Political factors: the rise of the emerging bourgeoisie and There were profound conflicts between the church and the nobility;
③Ideological factors: Christianity monopolized Western European culture and education, and people lacked rational thinking and humanistic spirit;
④Talent factors: Italy has many talented people.
⑤Social factors: The Black Death prompted people to reflect.
2. Core idea: "Humanism". (That is, attaching importance to human value and advocating humanity; advocating the pursuit of freedom and encouraging adventure; advocating rationality, advocating science, and pursuing knowledge.)
3. Essence: an ideological emancipation movement that reflects the demands of the emerging bourgeoisie in Europe (capitalism class ideological and cultural movement).
Dante----"The Divine Comedy"; Petrarch----"The Father of Humanism"
②The last three heroes: Leonardo da Vinci: "Mona Lisa" ", "The Last Supper"; Michelangelo: "David", "Moses"; Raphael: "The Sistine Madonna"
③Shakespeare: "Hamlet" (representing the Renaissance The highest achievement of literature)
5. Historical significance:
① It is the first ideological emancipation movement in European history.
② Promoted the emergence of the religious reform.
③ Created conditions for the development of modern natural sciences.
④ Promoted the development of capitalism.
6. Limitations: Use universal "pan-humanism" to cover up class differences and class exploitation.
2. European Religious Reform (16th to 17th centuries)
1. Historical background:
① With the development of capitalist economy, the emerging bourgeoisie demanded to get rid of Rome Catholic bondage.
②The Renaissance liberated people's minds and greatly impacted the spiritual dictatorship of Catholicism.
③The Catholic Church’s oppression of Europe, especially Germany, deepened the conflict between the Catholic Church and people.
2. Rise: first emerged in Germany.
3. Martin Luther's Reformation
①The trigger: The Pope sold "Indulgences" in Germany
②The start mark: the publication of "Ninety-Five" "Thesis"
③The reform advocates: "Justification by faith" and "Saved by faith" (that is, people can only be saved by faith, and cannot rely on good works, sacraments and clergy. This actually denies The authority of the Pope. It has a distinctive humanistic color)
④Influence: It kicked off the European religious reform; Protestantism entered the stage of European history and formed a three-legged religious pattern;
4. Calvin's Reformation
①The reform advocates: "Salvation by faith" and "predetermination" (his doctrine defends the bourgeoisie's getting rich)
②The impact of the reform: Later, the bourgeois revolution provided the ideological basis; Calvin was called "the second great figure of the European Reformation."
5. The nature and significance of the religious reform
Nature: the political struggle of the emerging bourgeoisie and the civil class against the feudal church.
Function:
① It attacked the feudal forces in Western Europe and destroyed the spiritual dictatorship of Catholicism.
② Promoted the development of national culture and education in Western European countries.
③ Politically and economically, it strengthened the monarchical autocratic system and strengthened the emerging nation-state.
6. The meaning of humanism during the Reformation
Meaning: Opposing the religious privileges of the Catholic Church, proposing the liberation of human personality, and freeing people from the religious yoke of the Roman Catholic Church , gain more personal freedom.
Lecture 3: The Enlightenment
Course Standards: Briefly describe the views of Enlightenment thinkers such as Montesquieu, Voltaire, Rousseau, and Kant, and summarize the development of humanistic thought during the Enlightenment.
"2010 Examination Outline": The Development of Western Humanistic Spirit——Enlightenment
Knowledge Summary:
1. The Light of Reason——Enlightenment Movement (17th to 18th centuries)
(1) Historical background:
① From the 17th to the 18th centuries, the capitalist economy continued to develop and the power of the bourgeoisie grew stronger;
② Feudal autocracy has become an obstacle to the development of capitalism, and the bourgeoisie has put forward demands to oppose the autocracy;
③ The new development of natural science has provided new basis for people to understand human society.
(2) Main content:
1. Core content: "Rationalism" (emphasis on the need to judge everything by human thinking, that is, scientific methods, rather than relying on providence or God's will) Purpose)
2. Specific content: Promote ideas such as freedom, equality, democracy, fraternity, and the rule of law, oppose autocratic royal power and hierarchy, and oppose clericalism.
(3) Representative figures and their opinions:
Country
Characters
Representative works
Main viewpoints
Evaluation
France
Voltaire
① Advocates constitutional monarchy; ② Advocates equality, freedom and democratic politics; ③ Negates the Catholic Church .
① He is the leader of the French Enlightenment; ② His ideas had a huge impact on Europe in the 18th century.
Mengde
Sijiu
"The Spirit of the Law"
Proposed the doctrine of separation of powers, the core of which is the mutuality of powers "Constraints and balances."
His doctrine later became the basic principle of the bourgeois political system.
Rousseau
"Social Contract"
①Advocates "social contract theory" and "people's sovereignty theory"; ②believes that the root of human inequality is property 's private.
Is the most radical democrat
Germany
Kant
"Critique of Pure Reason"
① It believes that human beings are the ultimate value orientation of all development processes; ② advocates that sovereignty lies with the people and natural human rights; ③ opposes violent revolution.
① He is an epoch-making philosopher in the history of modern Western philosophy; ② His rational critical philosophy finally established the dominant position of human beings.
(4) Nature and significance:
Nature: A bourgeois anti-feudal ideological and cultural movement, another ideological emancipation movement in Europe.
Significance:
① The Enlightenment Movement enriched and developed the connotation of the humanistic spirit and had a distinct political revolutionary nature.
② Made ideological and theoretical preparations for the bourgeoisie to gain dominance and establish the capitalist system.
③The Enlightenment Movement first made full ideological preparations for the French Revolution.
④ It influenced and promoted the bourgeois revolution in Europe and the United States.
⑤ Become an ideological weapon for colonial and semi-colonial people to fight for national independence.
2. Similarities and Differences between the Renaissance and the Reformation
Same: Same era background; both opposed the shackles of feudalism;
Differences:
Involved fields: the former belongs to the field of literature and art, and the latter belongs to the field of religion;
Social level: the former is limited to rules or the upper class of society; the latter includes nobles and civilians.
3. Similarities and Differences between Enlightenment Thought and the Renaissance
Same: both focus on the value of human beings, and both are anti-feudal ideas of the bourgeoisie; achieving political and economic dominance for the bourgeoisie The position has been mentally prepared. The so-called human interests they pursue are the interests of the bourgeoisie.
Difference:
Background: The Renaissance was the product of the budding capitalism, and it mainly opposed the restraint of the church on people.
The Enlightenment was the result of the development of capitalism and criticized the secular monarchy.
Content: The Renaissance advocated "humanity", aiming to get rid of the shackles of Catholic theology, emphasizing the pursuit of happiness in this world; the Enlightenment took a step further, holding high the banner of "rationality", aiming to oppose authoritarianism and religion. to fight against authoritarianism and feudal privileges and pursue political democracy, equal rights and personal freedom.
Influence: The Renaissance promoted the development of science; it inspired the wave of religious reform in Europe; Enlightenment thought emerged under the premise of the development of science, and it attacked the secular rule of absolutism. Inspired the wave of bourgeois revolution in Europe and even around the world