He has a famous saying: Tell me where I will die, and I will never go there.
This is not only a joke, but also represents the reverse thinking that Munger strongly advocates. If you want to succeed, you must learn from failure-
It should be noted that failure is not the mother of success, because it is difficult for a person to look at his own shortcomings objectively, but you can learn from others' failures.
So Munger likes to observe how fools from all walks of life behave. On the one hand, he can avoid the pits that his predecessors stepped on, on the other hand, he can also avoid crossing the border and becoming a stupid "hammer bearer"-holding a hammer in his hand and looking at nails everywhere.
Munger summed up 25 common psychological tendencies in Psychology of Human Misjudgment, that is, human thinking mode or conditioned reflex, which makes people fall into the trap unconsciously and willingly.
Here are five important psychological tendencies, and you will wonder why you didn't know it earlier.
Franklin said, "If you want to convince others, you should resort to interests, not appeal to reason."
Incentive mechanism has natural and powerful power. Never consider other things that can be solved by incentives.
Just like many employees dare to get angry with their bosses: don't talk to me about dreams, it will hurt money.
Most problems in the workplace are due to the failure of the incentive mechanism.
As an enterprise with the aim of "on-time delivery", FedEx attaches importance to the efficiency of every link. It encountered the problem that night shift workers could never finish their work on time, and tried many methods to no avail.
How was it finally solved? It's simple. If the hourly wage system is changed to shift payment, workers do not need to wait until the end of the night shift to get enough wages, but can finish their work quickly and go home early.
Of course, money is the most important reward factor, but many other non-money factors are equally effective in saying (Confucius) serves (intellectual) people: sex, friendship, partner, status, and even recognition.
In the movie Bumblebee released last year, when the hostess Charlie decided to help Bumblebee save the world, Xiong Haizi's younger brother clamored to join the big plan. Charlie told him, "We need someone to stay at home in case parents find out that this job can only be given to the most trustworthy people." My younger brother, eager to be a little man, immediately accepted, "I am this trustworthy person"!
Do you think the only child is so naive? Adults will, too
Professor Li, the marketing god, once shared a true story. The two cars met on a narrow road to outdo each other. One of them is a taxi. "Please do me a favor and give me face" and "Do me a favor, I'm in a hurry" have no effect. A negotiation professor said a word in the past and succeeded in getting the taxi driver out. He said, "You see, of these two cars, only you are a professional driver." This just captures the general psychology of taxi drivers and wants to show their professionalism everywhere. They never use navigation, like to cut corners and spit on other drivers.
By meeting the needs and interests of the other party to achieve their own goals, this is the real marketing thinking, which is also applicable to any situation of dealing with people.
No matter how emotional and rational you are, it is better to ask yourself what the other person wants.
How else can you persuade the taxi driver? Give him a thank-you fee of 100 yuan, and he will make way quickly without saying anything.
People's tendency to avoid inconsistency is just an inertial state of refusing to change.
Behaviorally speaking, once people form bad habits, it is difficult to correct them. The best way is to nip bad habits in the bud. I don't believe you got rid of a few bad habits with your hand index.
Conceptually speaking, once a person forms a certain viewpoint or conclusion, he will "stick to his own opinion", which is the so-called "confirmation deviation" We will unconsciously collect information to support our own views, ignore contradictory information, or explain the existing information in the direction of supporting the original views.
Do you know why "face value is justice" Because the power of first impression is too strong, there is a beautiful lady and an ordinary-looking girl at the dinner table. Both of them accidentally knocked over the red wine glasses. You will find the former cute and the latter clumsy.
Ning Xiangdong, a professor of management in Tsinghua, will skip the self-introduction session during the interview, because no matter whether he leaves a good impression or a bad impression on the candidates in this warm-up session, he will keep looking for evidence to support this judgment in the later sessions. The so-called good impression may be because you all love to run marathons, and the bad impression may be just because he quoted a chicken soup for the soul that you don't like the most.
After a person has a behavior or idea, he is not only unwilling to change it, but also keeps his behavior and idea consistent.
People don't necessarily have ideas before they act. You can completely change a person's attitude by changing his behavior.
How to make the boss like you more? Ask him to help you with trivial things, such as borrowing books or asking for work advice. After all, if he takes the time to help you, he will naturally acquiesce that you are a person worthy of appreciation.
How to improve partner loyalty? Hold a complicated and grand wedding. After all, if he doesn't love you enough and tries his best to marry you, his behavior and thoughts will be very inconsistent.
Of course, cults and other illegal organizations will also use various ceremonies to make their members more loyal.
The writer Lian Yue once said: Live as you want, or sooner or later you will think as you did when you lived.
The ideal state of human beings is "the unity of knowledge and action". With a good idea, they will follow it, but few people can do it. The consequence is that we should "integrate knowledge with action". No matter how miserable our life and behavior are, we can unconsciously give them all kinds of legitimate reasons, and believe in it. Only by keeping the consistency of behavior and thought can we continue to live consistently.
Like most smokers, no matter how harmful labels are attached to cigarette cases, they will never smoke a cigarette less. On the contrary, they often like to recite stories about the longevity of old smokers.
I have a good friend who drinks mineral water and only buys Wahaha, because ... there is Wang Leehom on the bottle.
People will associate things together, which will affect their judgment. So there are always handsome guys and beautiful women in advertisements. Because we love to see handsome guys and beautiful women, we won't have a bad impression on the products.
Just as Pavlov's dog starts to drool at the sound of the bell, we also have this conditioned reflex triggered by untrained simple association.
The advertisements of Coca-Cola always advocate freedom and vitality, while the advertisements of electric toothbrushes will present a young and healthy lifestyle. In fact, you don't need an electric toothbrush so much, but convince yourself to "be better to yourself", which is called paying for values.
No matter how deep the business routine is, it is not surprising, but in the face of the strong tendency of simple association, we should avoid suffering from Persian messenger syndrome: the ancient Persians would kill the messenger who reported bad news and never hear bad news again.
Imagine that a person's girlfriend reported seeing her boyfriend cheating. It's hard to say whether she is grateful or resentful to her best friend.
Blame the person who brings bad news, because you hate him, and you will live a lie forever.
Another kind of thinking error caused by simple association is typed thinking, that is, making quick judgments through simple classification or labeling. Common ones are geographical discrimination, superstitious constellations, and love to talk about differences between men and women.
Although using the average attribute of a group is a shortcut for the brain to infer individual characteristics, we often make many mistakes.
If you think this is harmless, I still advise you not to step into a river with an average depth of 0.5 meters easily.
I don't like playing cards Friends say that small gambling is good for feelings, but I know that losing 1000 is much more painful than winning-what a bargain.
Aversion to loss is the universal psychology of human beings. The pain brought by loss is much deeper than the happiness brought by gain. Usually, the pain is two to four times that of happiness. That is, next time I have to win 2000 to 4000 yuan to make up for my previous losses.
People will have this kind of psychological reaction when they lose what they already have and what they will have soon.
Many merchants will launch "no reason to return goods" or "try it first and then buy it" activities, which sounds like a buyer has picked up a bargain, but once people use a product, it is difficult to return it.
Once I ordered two pairs of identical high heels, red and pink, because it was difficult to choose. I want to try it on before making a decision. Of course, both pairs are left behind, and so is buying curling irons between big rolls and small rolls. ...
When you look at the car in the 4S shop and have a pleasant conversation, the salesman will try his best to persuade you to pay the deposit. Even if you start to hesitate later, in order not to lose thousands of deposits, you will often buy a car of 100 thousand.
How to make a docile dog bite? Take food from its mouth when feeding.
What kind of game is the most addictive? The difficulty was just right, and the last one almost beat the big BOSS, and the more frustrated he became, the more brave he stayed up all night. ...
I hate the excessive behavior caused by losing, so that the Go master is eager to recover after making a wrong move and is defeated by his opponent in one fell swoop. So learn from Alpha Dog, be an emotionless killer, forget the past clouds, and make decisions according to the present situation at any time.
You ask me what the weather is like today? Sorry, I didn't watch the weather forecast. But if you ask me whether it's getting cold or warm today, I can answer right away.
People are not good at judging isolated things, but make judgments by comparison. This frame of reference is the anchor point.
There is a joke that whether a man is satisfied with his income depends on his brother-in-law's income.
The living conditions of modern people are much better than those of ancient emperors, but they have not become happier, because whether a person feels happy depends on whether he is better today than yesterday or better than his peers.
People's joys and sorrows depend on comparison as well as cognition.
The real estate agent showed you a set of houses with average conditions and a price tag of 1 10,000. You may hesitate, but in reality, the intermediary will deliberately take you to see several houses with poor conditions and a price tag of10.5 million. When you see the first suite again, you will feel that the cost performance is too high, just like finding a treasure.
When you go to the mall to buy a TV set, you will often find two products of the same brand with similar performance put together. The name of the TV set on the left is high-end, and it uses tall packaging, but the price is nearly twice as expensive. The TV set on the right is even 20% off! In the end, you took the right side without hesitation, but you didn't know that the left side existed to make a green leaf.
The anchoring effect is so common that you must first throw an anchoring point in your favor in the negotiation.
The most common situation when bargaining is that the boss asks "how much can you pay" and you ask "how much is the lowest price". After several rounds of games, you don't want to talk about psychological price first.
Don't be so silly next time. If you are optimistic about the goods, first say a figure that is lower or even much lower than the expected price, and then negotiate based on this price. Even if there is a big difference between the quoted price and the actual price, it is easier for the boss to say the lowest price that can be offered. Otherwise, the boss will quote a high price first, and you will think that this thing was originally worth so much money, so you may have to look up again.
Some time ago, I suspected that my friend was caught in pyramid schemes, so I went online to learn about pyramid schemes. They trap people in a high-pressure and closed environment, leading to social recognition; Call each other "family" and generate a sense of belonging through simple association; Members' time and energy are frequently occupied by joining ceremonies and outdoor activities, and the organization is more recognized for avoiding inconsistent tendencies; Those who came to power were either masters at home and abroad or old members in high positions, taking advantage of people's superstitions and authoritative tendencies; Pay a high membership fee first, quit the meeting without refund, take advantage of loss aversion and so on ...
I really don't know anything about psychology and I don't deserve to be a liar. What is even more frightening is that I know nothing about psychology, and I was sold to help count money.
Understanding and collecting these psychological tendencies is not only as simple as learning psychology, but also allows us to check whether we have accidentally fallen into the pit of others and try to frame others when necessary-
The latter method is certainly not recommended.
Starting from the official WeChat account, "dreaming is serious."