Jacques Lacan Jacques Lacan [Jacques Lacan [1]1.04.13-1981.09.09], a French psychologist, philosopher, doctor and spirit. He died of intestinal cancer in Paris, France. He is the eldest son of the family, with a younger brother and a younger sister. His younger brother Mark later became a priest. Lacan studied in the classical class of stanislas Middle School managed by Jesus Church in his early years, where he became familiar with Greek, Latin and mathematics. /kloc-at the age of 0/5, he began to write poems in a classical way and contribute to magazines. At the age of 17, Lacan met Joyce and other important masters of modern literature. At the same time, young Lacan became interested in philosophy from an early age, especially Spinoza's thoughts. During the First World War, he witnessed the brutal killing between people, so he doubted God and betrayed his family's religious beliefs before he was 20 years old. In the autumn of 2009, Lacan entered the Medical College of Paris University to study psychoanalysis. During seven years of medical study, he also studied literature and philosophy. 1927, Lacan became a resident in the mental hospital of Santa Ana Hospital. 1928, came to the specialized hospital attached to the police station to be a full-time doctor. Here, his interest gradually shifted to the fields of psychopathology and criminology. In the same year, he published the article "The sequel to the war: the disease of a woman who can't move forward", which discussed the social and psychological diseases that appeared in a specific period. Lacan officially became the forensic doctor of Russell Hospital on 193 1, and then returned to Santa Ana Hospital on 193 1, and began to analyze the notes of mental patients with linguistic methods, and gradually focused on paranoid diseases. Worth studying. Dali once explicitly put forward the so-called "paranoid critical method". It is also in this study that Lacan began to pay attention to the phenomenon of "psychological automaticity" of patients, that is, the unconscious subordinate inertia of the subject's psychology to some external force. This study of "psychological automaticity" benefits from its trainee tutor Cleirens Clé lambotte, which is in a completely different context from the "automatic writing" advocated by surrealists. Lacan "leads to Freud". 1932, Lacan completed a paper entitled "On the Concept and Personality of Experiential Paranoid Psychosis" under the guidance of Professor Henry Claude, and obtained a doctorate from Paris University. Since then, he has been mainly engaged in psychoanalysis teaching and medical work. 5438+0933, Lacan has more and more close ties with surrealist artists such as Dali. He once published an article in the surreal magazine Minotto named by Ba Taye, discussing the relationship between mental illness and artistic style, and one of the articles was particularly striking [2]. In the same year, Lacan was invited by Ba Taye (1897- 1962). Participated in A. kojéve's discussion on Hegel's Phenomenology of Spirit. A Koyev and hippolyte's explanation of the desire relationship in Hegel's dialectics of master and slave profoundly influenced Lacan. At the same time, Lacan also attended the course of psychologist Henry Walloon at the French Academy. Walloon's "mirror experiment" in the research of children's psychology became the direct scientific basis of his mirror theory. 1934, Lacan became an alternate member of the Paris Psychoanalytic Society and began psychoanalysis. In the same year, she married Mary-Louis Blondin, the daughter of the attending doctor. They had three children after marriage. 1On the afternoon of July 3, 9361,Lacan published a report on the theory of mirror stage at the annual meeting of the International Psychoanalytic Society 14 held in Malinbad, Czech Republic. The mirror image theory was put forward for the first time. 1938, Lacan became a full member of the Paris Psychoanalytic Society. During World War II, Lacan first served in a military hospital and soon lived in seclusion in Nice, a small town in southern France. During this period, Lacan studied Chinese and Japanese, and in 194 1 year, Lacan and the famous actress gave birth to their daughter Judith. After 1946, Lacan participated in the activities of the Paris Psychoanalytic Association as a psychoanalyst, and became the president of the Association on 1953+0, but resigned in June of the same year. In July, he and Ba Taye's ex-wife Sylvia started his second marriage. In July, 0953, Lacan first put forward the slogan of "returning to Freud" in the article Symbol, Truth and Imagination. In September of the same year, Lacan gave a report on "The Role and Scope of Speech and Language in Psychoanalysis" at the 17 International Psychoanalysis Conference. Lacan began his 27-year public seminar. He gives lectures almost every week or every other week, which attracts many scholars. 1963, the French Psychoanalytic Society was dissolved. 1964, Lacan and Manoni formed the French psychoanalysis school, which was soon renamed Freudian school in Paris. In his later years, Lacan's academic thought gradually entered a mysterious metaphysical state with unique characteristics. In this last period of time. The thorny "desire structure", "real world", "symptoms" and "object A" became the center of his discussion. From 1970, he was interviewed by TV stations and invited to give lectures by top universities in Italy, Belgium and the United States, becoming a celebrity at that time. 1980, Lacan announced the formation of a new Freudian school. Lacan is the most independent and controversial psychoanalyst in Europe after World War II, and is known as "Freudian in France". He severely criticized the American psychoanalysis school for deviating from Freud's subconscious theory and moving towards "self-psychology". In the United States, psychoanalysis focuses on self-awareness and explains pathological psychological defense. And promote the growth of adaptability without conflict and contradiction. Lacan completely denied this practice. According to him, the "self" that does not exist in the conflict-free field is hostile to the subconscious mind and the main psychoanalytic process. He believes that psychoanalysis is a kind of consultation, not a kind of treatment. For Lacan, research with animals ruled out the concept of psychology. Because psychology is bound to be related to language, meaning and values, Lacan is dissatisfied with the popular Freud theory, advocates "reinterpretation" and demands to return to Freud's point of view. He put forward the theory of mirror stage, thinking that babies can see themselves in the mirror from 6- 18 months after birth. At first, babies can't tell their own mirrors from others'. Later, I distinguished my mirror image from myself; Finally, I know that my mirror image is my own mirror image, and I realize that I am different and connected with others. In this way, the baby gradually becomes a person with feelings and ideas. Lacan's mirror image activity is a kind of recognition, that is, when the subject is in contact with the outside world, the image that people recognize is always the deformation of the object, which is the image that people imagine. Therefore, Lacan introduced the theory of imagination, symbol and reality of personality or personality from the theory of mirror stage. The level of imagination is to record conscious, unconscious, known and imagined things through the mirror stage, and form the image of the world. Symbol is a symbolic thing and a symbolic understanding of the world, similar to the "signifier" in structuralist linguistics. Its various factors are meaningful only when they are linked. The combination of imaginary things and symbolic things is reality, so reality is not an objective thing, it is just a phenomenon formed by human subjectivity, and objective things are just an unknown number in his view. Lacan summed up his theory as "the unconscious has the structure of language" and "the unconscious is the discourse of the other", that is, the unconscious has the structure of language. Sometimes it is expressed in the form of displacement and compression, and people can examine the inner unconscious structure through its expression. This unconscious structure includes the relationship between self and others and other things. Lacan's works are mysterious, obscure, skillful, poetic and difficult to read. Existentialism, new hegelianism and linguistic theory have a great influence on Lacan, especially his later works are even more difficult to understand, because he put topology and mathematics in his works.