2. Filial piety education. Man is the foundation of the country, virtue is the foundation of man, and filial piety is the foundation of virtue. It has long been put forward in "University": "Being a son stops at filial piety." Filial piety is the core of China's traditional ethics and the starting point of all morality. In Disciple Rules, from "parents should not delay" to "dealing with the dead, like life", the detailed contents of filial piety education are comprehensively put forward. For example, listening to parents' orders, caring parents' hearts, remonstrating parents' mistakes, treating parents' diseases, burying parents' bodies and offering sacrifices to parents' souls, systematically arranging children's filial piety to their parents from all aspects, so that the important virtue of "filial piety" can be cultivated in a series of interactions with elders.
At present, there is an abnormal phenomenon in family care: emotions are "dirty". That is the care of parents for their children. Children are not "ungrateful"-they don't care about filial piety and gratitude to their parents. The filial piety education thought in Disciples Rules advocates an ethical pursuit of filial piety and filial piety, effectively avoiding the risk of dilution, loss and separation of parent-child relationship. This is undoubtedly of great enlightening significance to the improvement of parent-child relationship today.
3. Integrity education. Whenever and wherever, honesty is a universal value. Western cultural traditions also have corresponding expressions. Aristotle in ancient Greece listed eleven civic virtues in his book Politics, and "honesty" was one of them. The Bible says, "Honesty is more valuable than wealth". "Disciples Rules" says, "Whatever you say, faith comes first, fraud is virtual, how can it be ridiculous? "It shows that the ancients regarded honesty as the basis of" righting the heart ","nourishing the heart "and" achieving virtue ",and it also shows that one must abide by the principle of" keeping words and deeds in line with deeds ". It is the duty of a child to despise the evil virtue of hypocrisy and fraud and seek truth from facts in everything. If a person does not pay attention to honesty and make mistakes, does not admit and does not reflect, then he has double faults: first, he is not honest with others; The second is to deceive your conscience. Disciples' Rules aims to cultivate a beautiful spiritual and interpersonal ethical order, so we should not lack the cultivation of honesty, and should root honesty in children's hearts.
4. Restrain education. The essence of education is not to cultivate children's desire for fame and fortune, but to cultivate their body and mind. Positive and healthy spiritual morality is incompatible with excessive material desires. Disciples' Rules requires "taking the right way, using the right way, using the right way, using the right way", and emphasizes the virtue of "golden mean", which is also the code of conduct that a person should have in interpersonal communication. Similarly, John Locke, a famous British philosopher and educational thinker in the17th century, clearly expounded the education of the "golden mean" in his book "Random Talk on Education": "If they can get used to controlling their desires from an early age and don't make demands easily, this good habit can save them from indulgence. When they grow up, they will think about things. If they listen to reason instead of instinct, they will not only fail to inherit these very reasonable parts of traditional education, but blindly resist the values of traditional education, leading to people's wanton exploitation of natural resources, infinite greed for money, full possession of material, indulgence and excessive consumption of desire; Take more and give less in interpersonal communication; Corruption in public-private communication has become a social moth.
Benjamin Franklin, an outstanding American politician and founding father, made thirteen rules for himself and kept them all his life. The first rule is "moderation", mainly "not enough to eat, not drunk". It expresses the meaning of "eating properly, not crossing the line" and "drunkenness is the ugliest" in Disciples Rules.
If a person does not know how to be temperate, he will eventually be destroyed by desire.
5. Behavior restriction education. If temperance is self-discipline, then restraint is heteronomy. There are 42 "don't" and 3 "don't" in Disciples Rules. Almost all of these sentences contain negative words to stop improper behavior, including manners, words, diet, daily life and communication. Good behavior norms are formed in a series of restrictions, and good living habits and attitudes are also formed in strict control. Kant, the founder of German classical philosophy and a famous educator, has a thorough understanding of this. In his book On Education, he wrote: "Discipline is to prevent human beings from being dominated by animal impulses and failing to achieve the purpose of being a man. The purpose of man is to be a man. " "Discipline must prohibit him from doing barbaric and dangerous things ... his role is to resist the natural wildness of human beings ... wildness is not bound by rules, and discipline will make people." People must accept sexual command as soon as possible, because a person has a disobedient temperament from an early age, which is not good for himself. "Kant emphasizes the cultivation of children's behavior habits through restrictive means such as prohibition, dissuasion and sanctions, and its main starting point is to educate children according to their cognitive level" to prevent animals from infringing on human nature. "
Educator Montessori said: "children's freedom ... should be well-educated in their behavior." Therefore, as long as children offend or interfere with others and have rude or rude behavior, they should stop it. " Education and its effect should be a kind of power and means of social control, and bad education can hardly be expected to produce good social control effect at that time and in the future. When schools give up punishment and families weaken control, those who have never been controlled can do anything.
6. Life practice education. Disciple Rules advocates "acting according to circumstances" and pays special attention to "acting" instead of "thinking", "learning", "speaking" and "knowing", and attaches great importance to the cultivation of children's practical ability in life. "If you don't do it, but study literature, who are you?" This shows that if a person can't "do things", he won't "be a man". Disciple Rules focuses not on arming children with cultural knowledge and specific skills, but on letting them participate more widely in the world they live in, and exercise their execution in the affairs and interpersonal communication inside and outside the family, so as to gradually realize the purpose of being a man in doing things. Family is a place to live. In family life, with the cultivation of children's practical ability and the improvement of life adaptability, children's moral cognition, thought, personality, characteristics and interests will continue to mature and develop. Rousseau, a French enlightenment thinker and educational thinker, famously said, "Real education lies not in oral teaching, but in implementation". Didn't you also express your concern about children's ability to cultivate life practice?
Disciples' Rules also said, "Only practice, don't learn literature, let what you see and ignore reason. "It shows that we don't blindly value the role of' doing' and ignore' learning literature'. In fact, we should also pay attention to the study of cultural knowledge while cultivating the practical ability of life, otherwise, we will separate "behavior" from "knowledge" and make things and reason unable to connect. If you don't seek truth, don't know the truth and stick to your own opinions, you will easily get lost.
7. Safety education. Disciple Rules has a large space, detailed description and rigorous thinking, and contains certain safety education ideas. "Turn away, don't touch the shuttle" and "Fight in a noisy place, don't get close", emphasizing safety awareness and asking children to stay away from dangerous situations and fighting scenes to avoid self-harm and other injuries. "Never ask about evil things", which requires children not to interrogate and inquire about improper things, so as not to be infected by evil and attacked by evil thought Jaken. This view is similar to Aristotle's saying that "teenagers should be kept unfamiliar with all bad things"! "Yang evil, good and evil; The condition is very serious and it is a disaster. " It means that it is also a kind of evil to publicize the evil deeds of others; Too much hatred may lead to disaster. Disciples' Rules are mainly aimed at minors under traditional social conditions, and their self-protection awareness and ability are very weak. If some people (especially adults) are publicized for their excesses or even illegal and criminal acts, it will be detrimental to their personal safety and even get into trouble. Don't expose people's shortcomings, and don't say anything if they have personal interests. Children are required to be gentle and tolerant, polite and respectful to others, be kind to others, be cautious and learn to be wise and protect themselves.
8. etiquette education. Etiquette is the minimum standard of behavior and moral norms that people should abide by in order to maintain the normal life of society. People gradually form etiquette in long-term life and communication, and are fixed by customs, habits and traditions. For an individual, etiquette is the natural exposure of one's ideological level, beautiful mind, cultural accomplishment, comprehensive quality and communication ability, and it is also the basis of one's study, life and healthy growth. The Analects of Confucius said: "If you don't learn etiquette, you can't stand", which shows that etiquette is a prerequisite for people to settle down, improve their personality and achieve their lives. Etiquette is also an important symbol to measure a country's social civilization, moral fashion, public education and even the rise and fall of the national movement. Xunzi wrote: "Rude people are not born, rude things are unsuccessful, and rude countries are restless." The ceremony was extremely humane. " "Zuo Zhuan" also said: "Rite, pass the country, settle the country, make the people benefit future generations." It can be seen that in ancient China, etiquette education was recognized at the height of governing the country with security (this is extremely prominent in the history of world civilization, which is the biggest basis for China to be called "the state of etiquette" since ancient times). Disciple's Rules is a complete book of etiquette, which is full of etiquette that children should abide by, and has requirements in gfd, manners, treating people and many other aspects, and it is very detailed and comprehensive. For example, "Eat or sit, old people first, young people later". "Lu Yu is long, he longs for death, he is silent, and he retreats." "The crown must be straight, the knot must be tied, and the shoes must be important." Take your time, stand up straight, bow deeply and respectfully.
John Locke realized the great role of etiquette education. "The purpose and function of etiquette is to soften the tenacity of nature, soften people's temperament, think more about others and make people get along well." He went on to write in "Random Talk on Education": "Anyone who knows how to make the other person feel comfortable without belittling himself or appearing grovelling will understand the true meaning of life and be welcomed and respected everywhere, so politeness is the most important thing for children and teenagers to form habits."
The reality of people's life is the combination of individuals and the environment. In order to make social life harmonious and orderly, it is necessary to confirm the hierarchical relationship, determine a person's "moral execution interface", and act according to the "ceremony" so that everyone can get his place and do his duty. Disciple Rules respects parents' authority and legal order, and its etiquette education is concrete but not abstract, real and not empty, which is very suitable for the needs of the times.
Regrettably, the simplified, modular and utilitarian modern family and school education completely ignores the importance of etiquette education. At present, the wave of revival of Chinese studies has opened a ray of light for the promotion of disciple rules. Advocating the disciple rule as a "post-enlightenment" strategy has been recognized and accepted by the society to a certain extent, which is undoubtedly a powerful impact in the face of the heavy anti-intellectual turbidity of modern education.
9. Mental health education. If a person has a big mind and a big pattern, the road of life will get wider and wider; However, people who are narrow-minded, narrow-minded and intolerant of others live in mental prisons all their lives. Disciple Rules not only pays attention to children's behavior development, but also pays attention to children's mental health. "If you can, don't be selfish; People have the ability, don't underestimate it. " I am talented, not only for personal gain, but also to help others benefit the society; Don't belittle and vilify other people's talents, but learn from their strengths by meeting Siqi. Jealousy, hatred and hostility are the cancer of people's hearts and will always be a threat to children's own growth. Therefore, Disciple Rules actively advocates replacing hatred with a peaceful attitude and cultivating a healthy psychology. "Words are forbearance, and anger is self-destruction." Disciples Rules also involves the psychological problems of learning: "I am eccentric and have a bad heart;" Words are disrespectful, but the heart is sick first. "People think that inattention is absent-minded and scrawled. If you overcome the psychological obstacles in your study and concentrate sincerely before you study, this is what learning looks like. In addition, "people will be added, ask yourself first; Don't do to others what you don't want them to do to you, which is synonymous with the Analects of Confucius. It advocates empathy, considers others more, and has smooth interpersonal relationships.
10, responsibility education. In a family, everyone is both a child and a parent. If the responsibilities of parents and children are highly consistent, it will lead to the orderly and full play of family functions. Family is a place that only emphasizes responsibility, obligation, dedication and gratitude. Once a child's sense of responsibility is cultivated in the family, he will take responsibility, and his high sense of responsibility will naturally shift to treating others and society at an appropriate time. Critically thinking about the current situation of education, it is not difficult to find that in recent years, families, schools and society have marginalized the responsibility education for young children, resulting in people's lack of family responsibility and social responsibility, and many families and societies have become more and more confused and tend to collapse.
On the issue of education, no matter what theory and direction people choose, we must first make clear what is most lacking in this era. Not alarmist, the importance of some missing things (such as sense of responsibility) is often associated with the rise and fall of a nation.
In order to reverse the social decline caused by the general lack of sense of responsibility, it is necessary to rebuild educational beliefs that can stand the test and re-identify and establish the mainstream value of education, one of which is the "sense of responsibility education" advocated by Disciples' Regulations. There are many sentences about cultivating children's sense of responsibility in Disciple Rules: "Parents are so capable" emphasizes that children have the responsibility to provide all materials and appliances for their parents; "Pro-parents make things worse" emphasizes that children have the responsibility to help parents correct their mistakes; "Sick, taste the medicine first; Stay up all night and stay in bed. " Emphasize that children should take good care of their sick elders and do their duty and filial piety; "Don't speak out of turn if you can't see the truth; Don't pass on what you don't know. " Don't talk nonsense until you see the truth clearly; If you don't know something exactly, don't talk about it easily, so as to avoid making rumors, making trouble and causing confusion. This is responsible to the public society. "Good advice, morality is built." Brothers, sisters, friends and classmates should encourage each other, build good moral character together and advance together. Emphasize that you are responsible for the growth and progress of others and your own moral progress. Lev tolstoy, a great Russian writer, understands responsibility as follows: "Whether there is a sense of responsibility will determine the success or failure of life, family, work and study. This (responsibility) also exists everywhere in all relationships between people. " A person has different responsibilities at different stages of life. Some responsibilities change with the times, but the sense of responsibility should be adhered to. People who are not responsible for family, life, work, study and career will be despised by society. On the other hand, if a person associates life with a lofty sense of responsibility, then he will create immortal achievements.
Disciples Rules contains a kind of thought of "great moral education", and the above ten aspects are only analysis and summary. In addition, there are many educational elements worth summarizing, such as "values education". The distinction between beauty and ugliness, right and wrong, good and evil, and good and bad is highly valued in Disciples Rules ("Don't drink when you are young, it is ugliest to get drunk. If you are not careful, you will call it wrong; If there is something wrong, call it evil. " "Kindness is infinitely beautiful", while "unkindness is infinitely harmful." Such as "golden mean education" ("if you exceed the moment, you will both lose", and "if you preach the evil of others, it is evil". ") It is in favor of" overstepping the rules "and opposing" promoting evil ",and it is in line with the golden mean to grasp the discretion and not go to extremes. For example, "honesty education" teaches children not to flatter the rich, and of course "don't flatter the expensive" is self-evident. For example, "appreciation education" ("being a good person is good; The more people think about it, the more they feel. "For example," Thanksgiving Education "("Three years of mourning is often sad; Living in a different place, wine and meat are absolute. " "I want to report, I want to forget; Short complaints and long returns. " Such as "frugal education" ("clothes are expensive and clean, not expensive; Go up and down and call home. " "People who wear clothes and eat are not as good as people. Don't be sad. " ) prevent children from chasing fashion, blindly comparing others, competing for wealth, causing vanity and imbalance. For example, "health habit education" ("wash your hands when urinating." "Wear a crown suit and have a positioning. Don't screw it up and cause pollution." Such as "learning law education" ("reading law, there are three; If you have a heart, you must believe it. " "If you have any questions, just follow the notes; People ask for justice. " )
In addition, the education of disciple rules also involves the civilization and art of language, the methods and principles of making friends, modesty and preciseness, calmness and so on.
What Disciples Rules advocates is essentially a kind of life education, which can be implemented in all aspects of food, clothing, housing and transportation. Asking children to know and obey the rules is the main purpose of this educational view. Disciples Rules provides children with various life interfaces needed to know themselves and society, making it easier for children to grow up in setbacks and cultivate their self-cultivation in hardships and worldly ways. We can be sure that a person who has received the education of Disciples' Rules can still grow into a happy and beneficial person even if he has not received the knowledge education of contemporary schools.
Disciples' Rules most prominently highlights "Learn to be a man first, and then learn to do things; Xiu De first, then learn knowledge and skills; Be an adult first, then become a talent. " Its basic ideas are: cultivate self-cultivation and cultivate good personality in the unity of being a man and doing things; Governing the country by virtue, virtue precedes knowledge, deeds speak louder than words, moral cultivation is the primary task, and learning books is the second. Morality occupies the commanding heights of life and soul, and the essence of education lies in virtue. Aristotle said: "persistent pursuit of usefulness cannot form a noble and free mind." Moral education is firmly rooted in children's hearts, so that they will have the ability to distinguish good from evil, have a roughly correct outlook on life and values, and be immune to things that defile their hearts, so as to stay away from them and put their limited time and energy into the right path, so that children do not need their parents to worry about when they grow up. In fact, most people only do two things in their lives: being a man and doing things. Learning ranks behind being a man and doing things. Learn to be a man and do things, and it is possible to do some learning; If you give up being a man and doing things, you will not get out of college problems and you will not make great achievements. Looking back at the reality of modern education, there are so many people with "high scores and bad morals", "high scores and bad behavior" and "high scores and low abilities". It can be seen that it is urgent to correct the outdated education system!