Robert? Oppenheimer 1904? 1967) is a famous Jewish American physicist and political activist. What did he do? Father of the atomic bomb? Has been recorded in history.
Oppenheimer was born in new york on April 22nd, 1904. 1925 after graduating from Harvard university, he went to Cambridge university in England and gottingen university in Germany for further study. From 65438 to 0927, he received his doctorate in G? ttingen. After returning to the United States, he taught physics at the University of California and California Institute of Technology, and conducted theoretical research on atoms and nuclei. Oppenheimer has been considering the release of atomic energy since 1939. 194165438+On February 6th, the United States officially formulated the code name? Manhattan? Top secret plan. He stopped all his personal research work and devoted himself to it? Manhattan project? .
What was the earliest atomic bomb research in the United States? Uranium Committee? Leadership, after several changes, changed from1941kloc-0/February 7th to the leadership of the Science and Technology Research and Development Bureau (OSRD), but the progress is still slow, with little improvement. Bush, the head of nuclear research in the United States, believes that only when the military gives the highest priority can nuclear weapons be made before the end of the war. 1on March 9, 942, in his report to President Roosevelt, he emphasized the bright future of the atomic bomb and proposed to hand over all research and production management to the army. On June 17, Bush prepared a detailed report for Roosevelt and handed over all nuclear programs to military leaders for implementation. Roosevelt immediately approved the Bush report.
In August of the same year, the organization of atomic bomb development was handed over to the US Army. How exactly is it achieved? Manhattan project? . In September, General groves took over from Colonel Marshall? Manhattan project? The new responsible leader. Under his leadership, the first atomic bomb was successfully developed in the summer of 1945.
? Manhattan project? It involves a wide range, a large workload, many participants, and scientific research touches many unknown problems, which are scattered in many small-scale laboratories, making academic exchanges inconvenient, scientific research progress uncoordinated, communication confidence unhappy, and problem solving not timely. In this case, the work efficiency is greatly limited. Aware of the seriousness of this problem, Oppenheimer suggested that the work of developing weapons should be concentrated in a laboratory, and the large corps should focus on operations, scientific management, unified scheduling, division of labor and cooperation, and focus on tackling key problems. Gerloff was deeply attracted by Oppenheimer's ideas and talents and accepted his advice. On the recommendation of Lawrence and Compton, groves decided to appoint Oppenheimer as the director of the highest laboratory for developing atomic bombs in the United States, and undertook the arduous task of presiding over the design of atomic bombs. At that time, he was only 39. Facts have proved that this important decision made by groves has won valuable time for the development work.
? Manhattan project? The scale and difficulty are unprecedented. Headquartered in Los Angeles, New Mexico. The Alamos Laboratory, which concentrated many outstanding scientists at that time, cost more than 2 billion dollars before and after, and 65.438+0.5 million people participated in the work, only in Los Angeles? Alamos has 4,000 researchers, and has seven research institutes, including theoretical physics, chemical metallurgy, military research, experimental nuclear physics, explosives, explosives physics and planning. Faced with such a huge project, the work of management, coordination and overall planning is extremely important and difficult. From 1943 to 1945, Oppenheimer ended up in Los Angeles? The establishment and management of Arafis experiment fully demonstrated his outstanding talent in scientific research and scientific research management. His central task is to concentrate the wisdom of all experts, coordinate the relationship between various departments, brainstorm and tackle key problems together. His outstanding contribution in technology is to solve the nuclear bomb? Critical mass? Question1July 6, 945, the world's first atomic bomb was successfully manufactured.
In Los Angeles? Alamos, although many scientists are above Oppenheimer in ability and reputation, I'm afraid only Oppenheimer can manage the central laboratory so effectively. Everyone in Alamos Laboratory agreed that the atomic bomb could not have been successfully tested and put into use before the end of the war without Oppenheimer's extraordinary leadership. To become America? Father of the atomic bomb? For Oppenheimer, this is a kind of pride and a heavy pressure.
In the wilderness of New Mexico, USA? Secret city? Ross? Alamos is a large area, surrounded by many low-rise offices and laboratories. Oppenheimer drives either a military jeep or his own big black Buick, and often haunts these offices and laboratories. Everywhere he goes, he always sits at the back of the room, smoking constantly and listening to everyone's discussion quietly. His appearance can often activate people's higher imagination.
Physicist Viskorf said? Every time a new plan is tried, or a new concept is brewing, Oppenheimer will appear in that laboratory or seminar. Many times, he won't put forward his own opinions or suggestions. His great influence comes from other aspects. His continuous and long-term appearance makes us feel strongly that he is directly with us. ?
Berschel, director of the Department of Theoretical Physics, recalled a discussion about molten plutonium containers, which had been debated many times, but there was no conclusion. After listening to the debate, Oppenheimer stood up and made a summary. He didn't directly say which view was right, but when he left the meeting, everyone already understood what the final conclusion was.
In just three years, Oppenheimer condensed thousands of talents into this almost self-made, costly and unprecedented complex scientific and technological project, condensed into a sword to solve many difficulties, condensed into a mushroom cloud rising in Ran Ran, Sany Experimental Field, and won the praise of Truman? An unprecedented large-scale organized scientific miracle in history? , not only verified the great power of science and technology, contributed to ending the war as soon as possible, but also won a high reputation for himself and became a hero known throughout the country. He is called America? Father of the atomic bomb? .
1April 30, 945, Hitler committed suicide. Seven days later, Germany surrendered. What was the first reaction of physicist emilio segre? We started too late? . Most scientists in Alamos Laboratory believe that the only purpose of making atomic bombs is to bomb Germany.
In July of the same year, the Kloc-0/6 atomic bomb came out, and Japan was defeated, but the United States decided to drop the atomic bomb in Japan from its own interests. In fact, as early as1May 3, 9451Day, the Minister of the Army Stimson called a meeting to ask the President about the use of the atomic bomb and what problems would arise in politics, military affairs and science, and to solicit the opinions of an advisory committee composed of four scientists, including Oppenheimer. Oppenheimer, Fermi, Lawrence and Compton decided to support the bombing of Japan, considering that the use of atomic bombs could reduce the losses of the United States and end the war ahead of schedule. 1945 June 16,? Manhattan project? The top scientists put forward a short opinion document called. Opinions on the immediate use of nuclear weapons? . Oppenheimer wrote a draft, which was signed by four scientists. Scientists think? No other technology can end the war, and no other alternative method can guide military application? . This opinion was revised and sent to Stimson, Minister of the Army. This is the first time that Oppenheimer participated in political decision-making, and it is also his most regrettable mistake. He said? I was so careless, you know? .
? Ugly, rat head? Oppenheimer is a rare genius and recognized child prodigy. Who would have thought that because? A flaw in character? Oppenheimer, full of heroism, was at the peak of his career, when bad luck came quietly.
1945 In August, the United States dropped two atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki, Japan, which immediately killed hundreds of thousands of civilians. Oppenheimer felt particularly heavy after hearing this. When President Truman saw it, he couldn't help crying and said, Our hands are covered with blood? . Truman, who ordered the use of nuclear weapons, easily comforted him and said, it doesn't matter, it can be washed away, okay? .
After World War II, more than 0/000 scientists in the United States/KLOC formed the core of public opinion against the atomic bomb, among which Oppenheimer was the most influential figure. On various occasions, he loudly called for opposing the use of atomic bombs and the manufacture of hydrogen bombs in war. 1952 in July, Oppenheimer even refused to be the director of the General Advisory Committee of the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission.
Arabian Nights describes a fisherman who wants to put an evil monster into a bottle before it causes trouble. Oppenheimer, like the fisherman, made a last-ditch effort to get the United States to give up the plan of using the atomic bomb, and turned the situation around with his own life. However, this caused great resentment in the United States and further aroused Eisenhower's suspicion. At the same time, Oppenheimer's sharp-edged, arrogant personality and vulgar and mean words made him offend many people and caused hostility and revenge from some important people.
1953 12, Oppenheimer was accused by military intelligence agencies of sheltering Soviet spies in the past and opposing the manufacture of hydrogen bombs. The United States censored him. The review committee concluded that Oppenheimer did not commit treason, but ruled that he should not be exposed to military secrets. This absurd conclusion led to his dismissal from the post of chairman of the General Advisory Committee of the Atomic Energy Commission. In the face of national interests, democracy and freedom once again suffered a fiasco! Over the years, this mistake has become a stain in the history of American democracy. The American Federation of Scientists immediately examined him.
In the face of siege surveillance and various restrictions, the upright Oppenheimer always stood his ground. In the last 20 years of his life, as the first person in the world to organize the research on nuclear weapons, he resolutely opposed the use and demanded the ultimate destruction of nuclear weapons, which just reflected the conscience of mankind and won the respect of the people of the world.
1963, the American Atomic Energy Commission awarded him Enrico? Fermi Award, presented by President Johnson. This is a high honor, but it also represents the importance attached to him by * *. 1966 retired and died of laryngeal cancer in Princeton on February 8 of the following year.
Robert? Oppenheimer (J. Robert Oppenheimer) is an excellent physicist and one of the main leaders of the Manhattan Project. As the main designer of the atomic bomb, he won high prestige. 1946, the United States established the Atomic Energy Advisory Committee and appointed Oppenheimer as its chairman. 1947, Oppenheimer served as Dean of the Graduate School of Princeton University.
Oppenheimer has never won a Nobel Prize in his life, but his achievements are no less than those of any Nobel Prize winner.
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Oppenheimer is a great scientist and academic leader. His life is a life of struggle for science, a glorious life and a bumpy life.