Female address: Lala Lala.

Male appellations are gay, Longyang and Duanxiu.

Other names: glass, rabbit

The picture shows Keynes and Mei Sen at the wedding.

abstract

Homosexuality is a sexual orientation or sexual orientation. Members with homosexual tendencies have love, lust or admiration for the same sex as themselves, while homosexuals have love for the same sex in society or the same sex with different sexual orientations in society. People with this sexual orientation are called homosexuals, and homosexuality can sometimes be used to describe homosexual behavior, that is, sexual behavior between members of the same sex, regardless of the sexual orientation of the participants.

There is another view that homosexuality, as a modern concept, has different meanings in different times and cannot directly correspond to modern homosexuality. For example, the relationship between "lover" and "beloved" in ancient Rome may be different from that of modern homosexuality.

Other words such as "masculinity" and "taking a dry road" refer to the phenomenon of gay men. In addition, after Ang Lee's film Brokeback Mountain won the Oscar, the word "Brokeback" became another name for homosexuality.

In modern spoken Chinese, "comrade" is often used to address homosexuals (but in formal occasions, the original meaning of the word remains the same), and "homosexuality" is also synonymous with "same-sex love". In addition, after the English word gay absorbed by Cantonese, there is also the title "Ji", which is used to refer to homosexuality. But this word is usually derogatory. Such derogatory terms include "glass" and so on. In some dialects, gay men are also called "fluttering".

In the lesbian community, "T" refers to those who tend to be masculine or like to dress up as masculine/neutral ("T" comes from English tomboy), but the original meaning of "tomboy" does not represent homosexuality; "Shiva" refers to a lesbian (also called P) who is feminine in dress, behavior and temperament. The word "po" originally comes from T, which means "T's wife". However, in recent years, the subjectivity of women has gradually emerged to refer to those who are more feminine. Uncle refers to the older t; This word originated in the 1960s, and it is a courtesy title for lesbians to their elders. It is called "elder brother" in Chinese, such as "elder brother Zhang" and "elder brother Jin". As for "lesbians", "lesbians" or "lesbians", they first appeared in the lesbian novel "Notes of the Crocodile" by Qiu, a writer in Taiwan Province Province, and became popular in Taiwan Province Province in the1990s.

Gay men also have their own set of terms and expressions. For example, the common cultural term in Taiwan Province Province is "C goods", which comes from English words "Sissy" and "Nancy" and refers to the feminine gay men. The queen of male chauvinism (King Kong Barbie) refers to a gay man who is very masculine in appearance and strong in body shape, but vaguely has feminine characteristics or actions and thoughts. In addition, just like the "T" and "P" of lesbians, gay lovers in Taiwan Province Province are generally divided into two roles: elder brother (also called Gege) and younger brother (also called Didi). But the main difference between them is not the degree of femininity or masculinity, but the concept of protection and dependence. But in general, the distinction is not obvious, there is no clear definition, mainly men who reject femininity.

The origin of the word homosexuality

The word "homosexuality" is a modern concept. As far as we know, this word first appeared in an article by Hungarian writer Karl Maria Kertbeny. At the end of 19, the German Empire promulgated a new constitution, stipulating that those who engage in male homosexual acts shall be sentenced to 1 to 4 years' imprisonment. Karl Maria Kertbeny wrote an article attacking and resisting the law, and coined the word "homosexuality" for the first time, which has been used to replace the derogatory term "pederast" which was widely used at that time. Kertbeny thinks that many gay men are more masculine than ordinary men, and they are better than heterosexuals who commit crimes such as rape and injury because of excessive sexual desire. Kertbeny hopes that his new words and their explanations will help to abolish Article 175 of the new Constitution of the German Empire. However, this law was passed and implemented in 187 1, and 60 years later, it became the source of the Nazi government's massacre of homosexuals.

However, Richard Freiherr von Krafft-Ebing, a German psychiatrist and author of Sexual Psychiatry, and other doctors accepted this word as a pathological diagnosis method.

The literal translation of the word "homosexuality" means "same sex", which comes from the Greek prefix "homo-" (meaning "same") and the Latin root "sex" (meaning "sex"). Other words expressing homosexuality, such as homosexuality and inversion, are no longer used.

With the emergence and development of psychology, homosexuality began to be used to refer to a mental illness in medical clinical research. Before 1974 American Psychiatric Association removed homosexuality from the list of mental diseases, the word homosexuality was always regarded as a slanderous word by homosexuals. Therefore, homosexuals in the west rarely use the word homosexuality to refer to themselves and homosexual sex.

The so-called homophobia is also a kind of prejudice, discrimination and homophobia. 1972 George Weinberg defined homophobia as "fear of being involved in homosexuality" in his book "Homosexuality in Society and Health". Homophobia happens not only to heterosexuals, but also to homosexuals, such as American politicians McCarthy and Hoover, who eliminated homosexuality on a large scale in order to cover up their sexual orientation. 1990 17 in may, the world health organization (who) removed homosexuality from the list of mental diseases, and the French scholar Louis-Georges Tin proposed to designate may 17 as the international anti-terrorism day (Idaho) every year to reduce discrimination against homosexuality.

Later, the taboo word "gay" became popular and was recognized by homosexuals, becoming a more appropriate name for homosexuality. The English word gay means "feel happy" and "make people happy". /kloc-In the 9th century, prostitutes began to be labeled as lesbians, and at the same time, people called those idle playboys gay. At the beginning of the 20th century, some homosexuals in the United States began to use the word gay as their label, which is different from the word gay widely used in pathology and clinic. In the 1960s and 1970s, gay groups in the United States strongly urged all media to use gay instead of homophobic news. In response, the word gay began to be gradually accepted and used by the media. But it's actually a long process. For example, it was not until 1989 that The New York Times, one of the mainstream American media, finally accepted the word gay to refer to homosexuality.

Gay

In modern times, gay is usually used to refer to male homosexuals, while lesbian is used to refer to female homosexuals. The latter comes from the name Lesbos, an ancient Greek island. This small island is located in the Aegean Sea, near the northwest coast of Turkey, and it is a rocky mountain. It is an important residence for Ionians. In the 7th century BC, Lesbos was famous as a lyric poet. Among these poets, the most famous is the lesbian poet Sappho. Lesbian originally refers to people living on the island, but since Sappho, the word lesbian has begun to have a new interpretation. /kloc-at the end of 0/9, the medical community began to use lesbians to refer to women who have the same sexual orientation as Sappho. From then on, lesbians began to contain the meaning of female homosexuality and were widely used.

history

Ancient China

There are also some records of homosexual shadows in ancient China. For example, the story of the Han Dynasty. Emperor Han Ai sleeps in Dong Xian, and Dong Xian holds the emperor's sleeve. The emperor couldn't bear to wake him up and broke his sleeve. It shows that the relationship between monarch and minister is extreme. It is recorded in the Warring States Policy Wei Ce that Long Yangjun brushed the pillow mat for Wang Wei. "Peach" and "Split Peach": Zixia Mi and Wei Linggong eat peaches respectively. In A Dream of Red Mansions, Jia Baoyu has similar homosexual behavior. And Chen Zhuan are also famous couples. Chen Wendi once proposed a male queen for Han Zigao, but it didn't work. Unofficial history's name is Chen, which is Chen Chuan's surname.

ancient Greece

It is generally believed that same-sex relationships were very common in ancient Greece. But K.J. Dover pointed out that such a relationship did not replace the marriage between men and women, but happened before or together. An adult man will have an underage male companion. They will become "erastes" and the young will become "eromenos". In this kind of relationship, it is considered inappropriate for the loved one to feel eager because he is not masculine yet. Driven by desire and respect, the lover will selflessly contribute all the education that the beloved needs to a prosperous society. (Greek homosexual, K.J. Dover, 1979, Gerald Duckworth &; London Limited)

Medieval Europe

Before Benckert coined this medical term, homosexual sex was condemned as evil by Christianity and outlawed in some European countries, including Britain. In some cases, men will be imprisoned for engaging in homosexual sex, such as the famous Oscar Wilde case in Britain a hundred years ago. Westerners believe that the origin of the concept of same-sex sexual behavior can be traced back to the twelfth century. Boswell, a famous historian of Yale University, found that homosexuals "are outstanding, influential and respected in many aspects of society in most European countries, and left an eternal mark on the cultural heritage of that era, whether in religious society or secular society."

However, since the second half of 12 century, relatively vicious hostility has appeared in popular literature and eventually spread to theology and legal literature. (boswell, 1980, p. 334). 13 and 14 centuries are an era of intolerance to any heresy, including the crusades against non-Christians, the rejection of Jews, and the increasingly serious wanton suppression of people suspected of being in danger. Boswell pointed out that this intolerance influenced European society in the following centuries. Foucault (1979) traced back in his History of Sex that with the increasing authority of government and medical profession in secular society during the industrial revolution, the condemnation of homosexuality turned from religion to secular society and medical profession.

Europe in the industrial age

/kloc-At the end of 0/9th century, in Europe and the United States, homosexuality was regarded as a medical diagnosis unit and a crime and illegal act due to the convergence of this historical force. However, at the beginning of the 20th century, men and women attracted by the same sex formed friendship networks and meeting places in urban areas (D 'Emilio,19811993). In a city like new york, these meeting places are widely known and frequented by the sexually liberated generation in the 1920s. Under the famous social repression in 1930s, with the promulgation of laws and the suppression by the police, the acceptance of same-sex attraction in this period came to an end. Economic oppression has forced many men to lose their jobs, thus re-emphasizing heterosexual masculinity, which may be a reason for the re-emergence of intolerance towards homosexuality (chauncey, 1994).

Western countries in World War II

In the 1920s, a same-sex movement came into being in Germany, and a library and center were established in Berlin. 1939, the Nazis destroyed the center and burned down the library. Soon after, the government promulgated a law prohibiting same-sex sexual behavior, and thousands of homosexuals were imprisoned and died in concentration camps (Plant, 1986). Freud fled Germany during this period and took refuge in London. In the 1920s, he signed a petition in support of the same-sex movement, and wrote in a famous letter that homosexuality is not beneficial to society, but it is not a pathological phenomenon in the sense of mental illness.

World War II brought together an unprecedented number of men and women. In the United States, the result was to purge so-called homosexuals from the army until the end of the war, and it was further expanded in Senator joseph mccarthy's anti-gay and anti-capitalist movement in the 1950s. In this social atmosphere, AlfredKinsey and his assistant published their first scientific research report on sexual behavior in the United States, and found that a large number of men had experienced homosexual sex. Subsequent research found that these experiences also happened to women. These research materials were severely criticized, but they supported the same-sex movements in Los Angeles, San Francisco and new york at that time. There are also gay movements in Europe, including Amsterdam and Copenhagen. Same-sex newspapers, magazines, private clubs and public places are piling up, and they begin to suspect that the dominant same-sex sex behavior is a disease.

Stonewall riots in America.

The fuse of the rise of gay rights protection movement in the 1960s became the turning point of modern homosexuals from repression to struggle and from darkness to light.