"Don't try to judge its beginning and end", but when Pei Songzhi annotated the History of the Three Kingdoms in the Song Dynasty, Cao Song was quoted as Xiahou in the Biography of Cao Zang written by Wu people in the Three Kingdoms, but this statement is not credible. Cao Song inherited the Marquis of Cao Teng. Cao Cao's nicknames are Shun and Geely, so he is called Cao Aman. When Cao Cao was young, he was quick-witted, but he was willful, chivalrous, unruly, uneducated and unlearned. Therefore, no one in the society thinks he has any special talents, only Qiao Xuan of Liang thinks he is different. Qiao Xuan said to Cao Cao, "There will be chaos in the world, and people who are doomed can't help it. Who can live in peace? " He Qing of Nanyang said to him: "The Han Dynasty will die, and the person who lives in the world must be this person!" Xu Shao, a word general, is famous for knowing people. He once said to Cao Cao, "You are a traitor and a hero in troubled times." According to Xu Shaochuan in the Later Han Dynasty, Similarities and Differences in Sun Sheng's Miscellaneous Words and Romance of the Three Kingdoms, "Zi can rule the world, and traitors in troubled times." In A.D. 184, Cao Cao made his mark in the Yellow Scarf Uprising at the end of the Han Dynasty, and was later named as one of the eight captains of Xiyuan, and participated in the war of the world governors against Dong Zhuo. After Dong Zhuo's death, he developed his own power and fought in troubled times. He successively conquered Li Jue in Guanzhong, Lu Bu in Xuzhou and Yuan Shu in Huainan, and accepted Zhang Xiu's surrender. In 10, Cao Cao defeated Yuan Shao in Guandu (now northeast of zhongmou county). In 20 1 year, Yuan Shao's army was defeated again in Cangting (now northeast of guanxian). In February 65438+2007, the northern expedition to Wuhuan County completely eradicated the remnants of Yuan's family and basically unified the Central Plains. In 208 AD, Cao Cao became the prime minister of the Eastern Han Empire. In July, Cao Cao took Liu Biao south from Jingzhou, and in February, he fought with Sun Quanjun in Chibi and lost. 2 1 1 In July, Cao Cao led his troops to the western expedition and defeated the Guanzhong armies headed by Ma Chao, thus laying the foundation of Wei State. In 2 13, Emperor Xian of Han sent Lv Chi, an ancient imperial doctor, to canonize Cao Cao as Wang Wei, and took Jizhou, Bingzhou and other ten counties as fiefs of Wei State. The Tongque Terrace in the Wei Palace is located in Yecheng, enjoying the imperial system and gaining the supreme power of "worshiping the unknown and riding a sword to the temple". In 2 15 AD, Yangpingguan was captured, and Hanzhong Zhang Lu was defeated and surrendered. At this point, the tripartite confrontation between the three countries has basically taken shape. On March/0/5, 220 AD, Cao Cao died in Luoyang at the age of 66. Posthumous title "Prince of Wu" was buried in Gaoling. Cao Pi proclaimed himself emperor shortly after he ascended the throne, calling Cao Cao "Emperor Wu" and the temple name "Mao". Cao Cao reclaimed land in the north to build water conservancy projects, which solved the problem of insufficient rations and played a certain role in the recovery of agricultural production. Employ talents, attract the middle and lower classes of the landlord class, restrain the strongmen and strengthen centralization. The social economy of the ruling area has been restored and developed. The method of selecting a good soldier includes Sun Tzu's Art of War, The Art of War and Meng De's New Book. Good poems, such as "A Journey in the Great Miles" and "Watching the Sea", express political aspirations and reflect the tragic life of the people at the end of the Han Dynasty. They are magnificent, generous and sad. Prose is also neat. His works include Wei Wudi. Politically and militarily, Cao Cao eliminated many separatist forces, unified most of northern China, and implemented a series of policies to restore economic production and social order, which laid the foundation for the founding of Cao Wei. In terms of literature, under the impetus of Cao Cao and his son, Jian 'an literature represented by "Three Caos" (Cao Cao, Cao Pi and Cao Zhi) was formed, which was called "Jian 'an Style" in history. His poems are famous for their generosity and tragic, which left a glorious stroke in the history of literature.
catch sb's attention
Cao Cao was born in a prominent official family. Cao Teng, Cao Cao's grandfather, was a member of the official group in the late Eastern Han Dynasty. It is said to be a descendant of Cao Can, the prime minister of the Han Dynasty (this is the statement in the History of the Three Kingdoms, without historical research). Father Cao Song is Cao Teng's adopted son. At that time, Cao Song's origin was not clear, so Chen Shou called him: "Don't judge his origin." It is also said that Cao Song's original name was Xiahou. And Cao Song officer to Qiu. In the third year of Xi Ping (AD 174), Cao Cao, who was only twenty years old, was promoted to filial piety and became the A Lang of Luoyang. Soon, he was appointed as the northern commander of Luoyang. Luoyang, the capital of the Eastern Han Dynasty, is a place where imperial power and power coexist and it is difficult to govern. As soon as Cao Cao arrived at his post, he announced that it was forbidden to strictly observe the law and discipline, and made more than ten colored sticks to hang around the yamen. "Anyone who violates the ban will be beaten to death with a stick." The emperor's favorite eunuch's uncle Jian Shuo was forbidden to go at night. Cao Cao showed no mercy and executed him with a five-color stick. As a result, "the capital is gone, and no one dares to commit crimes." But Cao Cao also offended some powerful people in the dynasty, such as Jian Shuo. Because of his father Cao Song, Cao Cao was transferred to Dunqiu (now Qingfeng, Henan) far away from Luoyang. Ren Dun Qiu Ling this year, Cao Cao was twenty-three years old. Cao Cao wrote a letter to his son Cao Zhi: "I used to be a commander of Qiu, and I was twenty-three years old that year. At this time, I think about what I have done and I have no regrets today. " You are 23 years old now, don't be reluctant! In the first year of Zhong Ping (A.D. 184), the Yellow Scarf Army uprising broke out, and Cao Cao was worshipped as the riding captain, and was ordered to jointly attack the Yellow Scarf Army in Yingchuan with Lu Zhi and others. As a result, the Yellow Scarf Army was defeated and tens of thousands of people were beheaded. Then moved to Jinan. During his tenure in Jinan, Cao Cao managed things as always. In more than ten counties in Jinan (now Jinan, Shandong), county officials are attached to your power, taking bribes and perverting the law, and have no scruples. Before Cao Cao, all countries ignored it. After Cao Cao took office, he made great efforts to rectify, and eight out of ten officers were exempted. Jinan shakes, corrupt officials flee. "The politics and religion are big, and one county is bright." At that time, it was extremely dark in the Eastern Han Dynasty, and there was even a system of buying officials. The court named Cao Cao as the negotiator, but Cao Cao refused to cater to the dignitaries, so he returned to the village on the pretext of illness, studied in spring and summer, hunted in autumn and winter, and lived in seclusion for the time being. In the fifth year of Zhong Ping (A.D. 188), Emperor Ling of the Han Dynasty set up eight viceroy in Xiyuan to consolidate his rule, and Cao Cao was appointed as the imperial army viceroy among the eight viceroy because of his family background. In the sixth year of Zhong Ping (AD 189), Dong Zhuo, the secretariat of Xiliang, entered Luoyang, abolished Shaodi, established Xian Di Liuxie, and later killed the Empress Dowager and Shaodi, claiming to be a surname and specializing in state affairs. Cao Cao saw Dong Zhuo's perverse behavior and refused to cooperate with him, so he changed his name and surname and escaped from Luoyang (now northeast of Luoyang, Henan). When Cao Cao arrived at Liu Chen, he "scattered his wealth and joined his righteous soldiers." Organize an army of 5000 people to prepare for a crusade against Dong Zhuo. In the first month of the first year of Chuping in Xian Di (A.D. 190), Guandong County started a crusade against Dong Zhuo, and * * * elected Yuan Shao as its leader. As a deputy leader, Cao Cao participated in soliciting Dong Jun. In February, Dong Zhuo, who was defeated by the allied forces, coerced Xian Di to move to Chang 'an (now northwest of Xi 'an, Shaanxi), burned the palace, dug graves and plundered the people himself, leaving Luoyang Fiona Fang 200 miles desolate. The Kanto Coalition forces were afraid of the strength of Dong Zhuo's elite Liangzhou army, and no one dared to advance to Kansai. They were all stationed in Ziziphus jujuba (now north of Yanjin, Henan). Cao Cao thought that Dong Zhuo "burned the palace and robbed the emperor, and the sea shook and the earth shook", so he should take the opportunity to fight a decisive battle with it and lead the army to the west alone. Cao Cao went to Xingyang Bianshui (now southwest of Xingyang, Henan Province) and confronted Xu Rong, the general of Dong Zhuo. Due to the disparity in strength, Cao Cao was defeated and most of the foot soldiers were killed or injured. He was also injured by the flow vector. Fortunately, my cousin Cao Hong saved him and survived. Back in Zizyphus jujuba, Cao Cao suggested that all armies should take their positions, and then divide their troops to Wuguan (now southeast of Fengdan, Shaanxi) to besiege Dong Zhuo, but the generals in Kanto refused to follow. The Kwantung Army named after Dong Zhuo actually has ulterior motives and intends to wait for an opportunity to develop its own power. Soon, there was friction between the troops, and they fought each other. At this point, the coalition forces dissolved Chuping for three years, and Qingzhou Yellow Scarf Army made great progress, even breaking Yanzhou counties and destroying Yanzhou secretariat Liu Dai. Hebei Beixin and others welcomed Cao Cao as Yanzhou shepherd. Cao Cao and Bao Xin joined forces to attack the Yellow Scarf. Bao Xin died in battle. Cao Cao "set up an Indiana Jones and fought day and night" and finally defeated the Yellow Scarf. More than 300,000 people were killed and the population exceeded one million. Cao Cao accepted his elite and set up an army, Qingzhou soldiers.
Xuzhou three wars
In the autumn of the fourth year of Xian Di Chuping (AD 193), Cao Song, the father of Cao Cao, came to replace Cao Cao and was killed by the escorted Tao Qian Ministry. Cao Cao then invaded Xuzhou (now Tancheng, Shandong Province) and expanded his power to the southeast. Xuzhou grazing, retreated to Tanxian County. Soon Cao Cao's provisions will be exhausted, and he will retreat to the army. The following summer, Cao Cao levied Xuzhou again, just to the East China Sea. During Cao Cao's expedition to Xuzhou, he was repeatedly killed, and along the way, "chickens and dogs were scattered and there were no pedestrians in the market." Zhang Miao, the satrap who participated in the battle for Dong Zhuo, and Chen Gong, the ministry of Cao Cao, were dissatisfied with Cao Cao, so they rebelled and made Lu Bu the shepherd of Yanzhou. Lu Bu was a famous soldier at that time. First, as a ministry of Dong Zhuo, he once conspired with Wang Yun to assassinate Dong Zhuo. At that time, only Juancheng (now Shandong), Fan (now southeast of Fanxian County, Shandong) and Dong 'e (now northeast of Yanggu Valley, Shandong) were still under Cao Cao's control, while Sima, Shou, Cheng Yu and Xia Houdun, the satrap of Dongjun, persisted, and the situation was very critical. Cao Cao rushed back from Xuzhou and heard that Lu Bu was in Puyang, so he marched into Puyang and besieged it. After more than one hundred days of stalemate between the two armies, the plague of locusts rose sharply, the two sides stopped fighting, and Cao Cao Jun returned to Juancheng. At this time, Cao Cao lost Yanzhou and his rations were exhausted. Yuan Shao sent someone to persuade him to take refuge in him and move his family to Ye County (now 40 miles west of Linzhang County, Hebei Province) as hostages. Cao Cao intended to promise Yuan Shao, but because of Cheng Yu's dissuasion, Cao Cao gave up the idea. In the summer of the second year of Xingping (AD 195), Cao Cao once again organized an army to fight against Lu Bu, and defeated Lu Bu's army in Juye (now Juye South, Shandong Province). Lu Bu fled to Xuzhou to take refuge in Liu Bei. In August of the first year of Jian 'an (AD 196), Cao Cao welcomed the son of heaven. 19 1 1 year, Cao Cao, the general of Zhendong, led a captain to learn from the teacher and recorded the history. Move the capital to Xu. I am so lucky that Cao is the son of heaven. In winter and November, Cao Cao became a commonplace, riding a general by car and listening to all the officials. In the spring of the second year of Jian 'an (A.D. 197), in the first month, Cao Cao begged Zhang Xiu that his army was in the water. In autumn and September, Cao conquered Yuan Shu. In the third year of Jian 'an (A.D. 198), in summer and April, Cao Cao sent the corps commander Pei Mao to discuss the three tribes of foreigners. In September, Cao Cao moved eastward to Xuzhou and attacked his old enemy Lu Bu. Under the offensive of Cao Jun, Lyu3 bu4' s army was separated from top to bottom. In December, Lu Bu captured Xu Wei, Song Xian and other Lu Bu counselors alive and surrendered to Cao Cao. When Lu Bu saw that the tide was gone, he surrendered to the lower city. Cao Cao executed Lu Bu, Chen Gong and Gao Shun, the ministry of Lu Bu, and took over Zhang Liao, Cang Ba and Sun Guan, the ministry of Lu Bu, and initially took control of Xuzhou.
Battle of guandu
At that time, Yuan Shao was the strongest among the pack. Cao Cao arranged in advance to order Cang Ba and others with potential influence in Qingzhou to attack Qingzhou and occupy Qi (now Linzi, Shandong Province), Beihai (now southeast of Shouguang, Shandong Province) and other places to consolidate the right wing; He also ordered a general to guard Yuan Jun on the south bank of the Yellow River. Soon, Zhang Xiu obeyed Jia Xu, the counselor, and surrendered to Cao Cao. Cao Cao was overjoyed and worshipped Zhang Xiu as General Yang Wu, which relieved his worries. In December of this year, Cao Cao led an army to Guandu (now Zhongmou North, Henan Province) to prepare to meet Yuan Shao. Battle of guandu
After Tao Qian's death, Liu Bei once worked as a herdsman in Xuzhou. After that, Xuzhou was captured by Lu Bu, and Liu Bei went to Cao Cao. Cao Cao thought Liu Bei was a hero, and successively named him a shepherd and a left general. Shortly after Cao Cao captured Xuzhou, Yuan Shu of Huainan was ready to flee to Qingzhou to go to Yuan Shao, and Cao Cao sent Liu Bei to intercept him. In the first month of the fifth year of Jian 'an, Dong Cheng and others plotted against Cao Cao and were killed by Cao Cao. Liu Bei then attacked, killed Che Zhou, the secretariat of Xuzhou, and occupied Xuzhou. In order to avoid being attacked before and after fighting Yuan Shao in the future, Cao Cao decided to destroy Liu Bei, who was unstable in Xuzhou. At that time, people were afraid that Yuan Shao would take the opportunity to attack Xu Du. Cao Cao was very thoughtful about this and said, "Liu Bei is an outstanding man. If we don't attack him today, there will be endless trouble. Although Yuan Shao is ambitious, he is too late to be moved. " Then, he marched straight in, breaking Liu Bei with lightning speed, and Liu Bei fled to Yuan Shao. Yuan Shao was the most powerful force in the north at that time and the most powerful enemy for Cao Cao to unify the north. Since Yuan An, Yuan Shao's great grandfather, the Yuan Yuan family has been "three terms and four generations" and "one's intimate party followers and students are all over the world", and its influence has been great. After Yuan Shao acquired the land of Hebei, Hebei, Youqing and Qinghai, his strength increased greatly, with hundreds of thousands of people. Yuan Shao, his eldest son Yuan Tan, his second son Yuan, and his nephew are divided into three states: young, secluded and peaceful. The rear area is impregnable and there are plenty of soldiers and food, so they don't care about Cao Cao at all. He selected 100,000 elite soldiers and 10,000 war horses in order to wipe out Cao Cao in one fell swoop. In February of the fifth year of Jian 'an, Yuan Shao ordered general Yan Liang and others to invade Baima (now north of hua county, Henan Province) and led the army into Liyang (now east of Xun County, Henan Province) to crusade against Cao Cao. Cao Cao's strength is much weaker than Yuan Shao's. The area south of the big river occupied by Cao Cao is very small, and it is the land of four wars. It's shabby, not fully recovered, and the materials are not as rich as Yuan Shao's. Cao Cao's troops are far less than Yuan Shao's, and the total strength is only tens of thousands. According to the "Emperor Wu Ji", "the number of soldiers is less than 10,000, and the wounded are twelve or three". Pei Songzhi thought this figure was inaccurate, and Cao Cao's troops would not be so small, but there is no doubt that Cao Cao's troops are far less than Yuan Shao's. When Yuan Shao's army attacked, many people were shocked. Cao Cao comforted the generals and said, "I know Shao as a man, who is ambitious but wise, strong in color but weak in courage, evasive and weak in strength, with many soldiers and unclear plans, and arrogant and different." Although the land is vast and abundant, it is enough to serve me. " Cao Cao knew Yuan Shao very well. When Yuan Shao was about to be besieged by an army, he dared to pull out and attack Liu Bei. It is based on this understanding. In February of the fifth year of Jian 'an, Yuan Jun, Yan Liang and others besieged Baima, and the war began. In April, Cao Cao personally led the troops north to solve the siege of the White Horse. He adopted Xun You's plan, pushed the army to Yanjin (now north of Yanjin, Henan, west of Baima), made a gesture of crossing the river to attack Yuan Jun, and attracted Yuan Jun to divide his army and March westward, then suddenly turned and pounced on Baima. When Cao arrived suddenly, Yuan Jun was caught off guard. "Riding a horse and stabbing and beheading in the middle of the crowd are all generals." Yuan Jun was defeated and the siege of the White Horse was solved. Cao Cao rescued the white horse soldiers and civilians and retreated westward along the Yellow River. Hearing this, Yuan Shao immediately crossed the river and chased Cao Cao. Seeing the pursuers approaching, Cao Cao ordered the sergeant to release his saddle and put the trench on the road. Yuan Jun chased his troops, fought for trenches, and created chaos. Cao Cao led the only cavalry to fight out suddenly, defeated the pursuers and attacked another general of Yuan Shao, Wen Chou. Yuan Jun was shocked. Cao Cao won the first battle, took the initiative to retreat and continued to guard Guandu. In August, Yuan Shao's army marched into Guandu from east to west for dozens of miles, relying on sand piles as chariots. Cao Cao divided his forces and held on, waiting for an opportunity. Yuan Jun attacked Cao Ying. First, he paddled a high paddle, put forward a mound, shot an arrow at Cao Ying from above, and then dug a tunnel to attack Cao Ying from underground, but Cao Cao cracked it by setting up a trebuchet and digging a gully. The two armies have been at war for nearly two months. After a long battle, Cao Cao fell into an extremely difficult situation. In October, Yuan Shao brought more than 10,000 wagons of grain and hay from Hebei, and sent general Chunyu Qiong and others to guard the camp with more than 10,000 people, and camped in the Wu Dynasty four miles away from Yuan Shao's camp. At this time, Yuan Shao's counselor Xu You's plan to sneak attack on Xu Du failed, and his family in Hebei was arrested for breaking the law. He felt remorse and came to Cao Cao to offer him a plan to sneak attack on the Wu Dynasty. Cao Cao was overjoyed and rushed out to meet him. After that, he led an elite army of 5,000 people, who took the gold medal and put on Yuan Jun's uniform, and attacked Wu Chao from the alley at night. When he reached Wu's lair, he ordered people to set it on fire. Yuan Jun chaos, Chunyu Qiong refused to keep the camp. Hearing this, Yuan Shao quickly sent troops to save him. Cao Cao saw that "the thief is riding a little closer, so please divide your forces and refuse." Cao Cao said angrily, "There are thieves behind, it's for nothing!" " All foot soldiers fight to the death, so break it and cut Joan, etc. Burn their food and grass. When Yuan Shao heard that Cao Cao had attacked the Wu Dynasty, he thought it was a good opportunity to break through Cao Cao's camp, so he sent fewer reinforcements and besieged Cao Cao's camp heavily. Because Cao Cao's reserve forces are fine and numerous, Cao Cao's camp has not been broken, the news of the failure of the Wu Dynasty has come, and Yuan Jun is scattered. General Zhang He, Gao Lan and others led the troops to surrender to Cao Cao. Yuan Shao abandoned the army and fled back to the north of the Yellow River. Cao Jun won a great victory, cut more than 70,000 customs, and won the book treasure of Yuan Jun. Cao Cao counted Yuan Shao's letters, got the letters of his subordinates colluding with Yuan Shao, burned them, and said, "When Shao is strong, he can't protect himself alone, and everyone fears for himself!" From the objective conditions, Cao Cao is at a disadvantage, but because he can correctly analyze the objective conditions and be good at listening to the correct opinions of others, he can foster strengths and avoid weaknesses and adopt correct strategies and tactics to turn the war into a favorable situation for himself. Through his subjective efforts, he finally won the victory. In the battle of Guandu, Cao Cao defeated Yuan Shao, the biggest enemy, and it was the general trend that he unified the north.
Expedition Wu Huan
In the seventh year of Jian 'an, Yuan Shao died. Yuan Shao's two sons, Yuan Tan and Yuan Shang, were at odds and had many contradictions. Yuan Tan was defeated by Yuan Shang and begged Cao Cao to surrender. In February, the ninth year of Jian 'an, Cao Cao took advantage of Yuan Shang's invasion of Yuan Tan, marched in and besieged Yecheng. Yuan Shang led the army to Huiyuan, taking Qiushui (now Fuyang River) as the camp. Cao Cao pursued the victory and surrounded its camp. Yuan Shang was afraid and asked for surrender, but Cao Cao refused. Yuan Shang fled at night and failed. Yuan Shang fled to Zhongshan (now Dingxian County, Hebei Province). Cao Cao ordered people to surrender to the defenders of Yecheng with the seals and cymbals seized from Yuan Shang, and the fighting spirit in the city collapsed. Yecheng was attacked by Cao Cao. In the first month of the second year, Cao Cao conquered Yuan Tan and pacified Jizhou in the name of breaking the contract. So Cao Cao turned Yanzhou pastoral into Jizhou pastoral. After Yuan Shang's defeat, he fled to Youzhou, where he served as the secretariat of Yuan Xi. Soon, Yuan Shang and Yuan fled to Wuhuan County. In the twelfth year of Jian 'an, Cao Cao decided to go on an expedition to Wuhuan in order to eliminate the remnants of Yuan and completely solve the problem of the invasion of the three counties. At the end of the Han Dynasty, the three counties of western Liaoning, eastern Liaoning and right Beiping merged to form Wuhuan, and its leader was Tadun in western Liaoning. Wu Huan, the third county, has always made friends with Yuan, repeatedly invaded the border and plundered people and property. In May of this year, Cao Cao led an army to Wuji (now Jixian County, Tianjin). It was the rainy season and the road was flooded. "The horses and chariots are too shallow and the boat is too deep." Cao Cao has changed from endless discussion of land to a long-lost route, but there is still a path to be found. Cao Cao's army, led by Tian Chou, climbed up Xuwushan (now Yutian North, Hebei Province), went out of Lulongsai (now near xifengkou, Hebei Province) and "more than 500 miles in the ravine", pointing directly at Liucheng, the home of Wuhuan (now Chaoyang South, Liaoning Province). In less than two hundred miles from Liucheng, Wu Huan found that Ta Dun, Yuan Shang, Yuan and others led tens of thousands of cavalry to meet him. In August, the two armies met, and Cao Jun was behind the trench. "There were few armored people" and the enemy was very strong. Cao Cao climbed to the top of the hill and saw that although there were many enemy troops, their positions were uneven, so he ordered Zhang Liao, the general, as a pioneer, to take advantage of the slight movement of enemy lines and launch a fierce attack on them. Wu Huan army chaos, jun array cut tower dun, a complete victory, Hu, Korea surrendered more than 20, Yuan Shang and others fled to Gongsun Kang, Pingzhou. At this time, Cao Cao was advised to attack Gongsun Kang. Cao Cao said, "You can send them to business and guard, and don't disturb the soldiers." Then he led the army back to the division. Soon, Gongsun Kang killed Yuan Shang and Yuan and presented their heads to Cao Cao. Unknown so and general Cao Cao said, "I'm afraid to wait. If I'm in a hurry, I'll work together. If I'm slow, I'll draw by myself." As a result, Cao Cao captured the three counties of Wuhuan and completely eliminated Yuan's power. From November to Yishui, Dai Jun's 50,000-boat egg was on Pufu Road, and Shang Jun's 50,000-boat egg was in that building to congratulate his famous king. In the same year, Guo Jia died before Cao Caobei's return because of acclimatization, bad weather and overwork. "Biography of Cao Zang" said on the way home: "It is freezing in the cold, there is no water for a hundred miles, and the army is short of food. Thousands of horses are killed for food, and water is obtained by digging more than 30 feet into the ground. Now that we have returned, everyone is afraid to ask the former exhorter. The public greatly praised it and said,' Go alone, take advantage of the danger and seek good luck. Although you get it, God will help you, and you can't be vulgar. The words of the kings and the plan of Wan 'an are mutual rewards, so don't say anything more in the future. ”"。
Battle of red cliff
In June of the 13th year of Jian 'an, Cao Cao abolished the three fairs, restored the prime minister system and became the prime minister of the Han Dynasty. After basically pacifying the north, the soldiers turned to the south. In July of the 13th year of Jian 'an, Liu Biao marched into Jingzhou. In August, Liu Biao died of illness, and his son Liu Cong took over as Jingzhou Pastoral. In September, Cao Cao's army entered Xinye (now Henan Province). Liu Cong thought it was unstoppable and surrendered to Cao Cao with all the people in Jingzhou. At this time, Liu Beitun, who defected to Liu Biao after the Battle of Guandu, was stationed in Fancheng (now Xiangfan, Hubei). When he heard that Liu Cong had surrendered, he led his troops to retreat to Jiangling (now Hubei). Jiangling is an important town in Jingzhou, with a large number of military supplies. Cao Cao heard that fearing that Jiangling would fall into the hands of Liu Bei, he personally led 5,000 cavalry to gallop 300 miles from Xiangyang (now Xiangfan, Hubei Province), caught up with Liu Bei in Changban, Dangyang (now northeast of Dangyang, Hubei Province), and defeated his army, thus occupying Jiangling. Because Cao Cao's March threatened Sun Quan's rule in Jiangdong, Sun Quan ordered Zhou Yu, the viceroy, to lead 30 thousand troops to join forces with Liu Bei to resist Cao Cao. Cao Cao went from the east of Jiangling to Chibi (now West Chibi Mountain, Wuchang County, Hubei Province) to fight with Sun and Liu. Temporarily stationed in Wulin (now Wulin Collection in the northeast of Honghu County, Hubei Province, on the north bank of the Yangtze River), facing each other across the river. Zhou Yu used the trick of pretending to surrender, and ordered the general Huang Gai to lead ten small warships, loaded with firewood and filled with ointment. The bow of the warship was nailed, pretending to surrender and heading for the north shore. When it was two miles away from Cao Ying, the ships were ignited together, and then with the help of the wind, they went straight for Cao Jun. Cao Jun was defeated and the ship was burned. Cao Cao led the troops to retreat to Jiangling from Huarong Road (now northwest of Jianli, Hubei Province). Withdraw troops and return to the north.
Pingding Guanzhong
After Battle of Red Cliffs's failure, Cao Cao took some measures to stabilize the internal affairs. In the spring of the fifteenth year of Jian 'an, Cao Cao issued an order for seeking talents, saying, "Today is undecided, and this urgent need for seeking talents is also ... My second and third sons help me to be bright and humble, and my talents are unique, so I can use them." Cao Cao put forward the employment policy of having both ability and political integrity, aiming at recruiting talents to his side as much as possible. In the sixteenth year of Jian 'an, Cao Cao began to attack Guanzhong. In March, Cao Cao sent Zhong You, a corps commander, to lead General Xia to invade Guanzhong under the name of conquering Hanzhong (ruling Nanzheng, now Shaanxi Han Middle East) Zhang Lu. Ma Chao, Han Sui, Yang Qiu, etc. were suspicious and turned against each other for a time. Cao Cao immediately sent general Coss to attack Guanzhong, and Ma Chao and others were stationed in Tongguan. In July, Cao Cao led an army to personally expedition to Guanzhong. In September, the Guanzhong armies were defeated. Ma Chao and Han Sui fled to Liangzhou, and Yang Qiu fled to Anding (Lin Jing, now south of Gansu Town). In October, Cao Cao invaded to maintain stability, Yang Qiu surrendered, and the Guanzhong area was basically stable.
Establish the state of Wei
In the eighteenth year of Jian 'an, Cao Cao rose up and claimed to be 400,000 yuan, personally conquering Sun Quan. In the first month of the following year, Cao Jun went to ruxu (now southeast of Chao County, Anhui Province), breached Sun Quan's camp in Jiangbei, and captured Sun Quan's general Gongsun Yang alive. Sun led 70,000 troops to ruxu to resist Cao Jun. The two armies were at loggerheads for more than a month, but each got nothing. Cao Cao saw that Sun Quan was strong and hard to win, so he withdrew his troops and returned to the north. In May, I restored the "Gong Yu" in Kyushu. Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty canonized Cao Cao as Wang Wei, added nine tin, built Wei State, and named it Yecheng. Wei has ten counties in Jizhou, and there are hundreds of officials such as the Prime Minister, Qiu and General. Xian Di also allowed him to "worship and go to the temple with a sword", such as the story of Xiao He, the prime minister of the Han Dynasty.
Competing with Hanzhong
In March of the twentieth year of Jian 'an, Cao Cao saw that Liu Bei had left Yizhou and Hanzhong was the gateway to Yizhou. "Without Hanzhong, there would be no Shu State." Liu Bei is bound to seize Hanzhong. So Cao Cao took the lead and led hundreds of troops to personally expedition Zhang Lu in Hanzhong. In July, Cao Cao's army entered Yangpingguan (now northwest of Mianxian County, Shaanxi Province). Zhang Lu heard that Yangpingguan fell and fled to Bazhong. Cao Cao marched into Nanzheng and won all the treasures in Zhang Lu. In November, Zhang Lu surrendered to Cao Cao and Hanzhong was owned by Cao Cao. After Cao Cao's main force withdrew from Hanzhong, Liu Bei then attacked Hanzhong. In the twenty-third year of Jian 'an, Liu Bei led the army into Yangpingguan, and Xia and others confronted Liu Bei. In July, Cao Cao personally led the army to Guanzhong, sitting in Chang 'an, so as to command the Hanzhong war situation at any time. In the twenty-fourth year of Jian 'an, Liu Bei crossed Mianshui (now Hanshui) in the south of Yangpingguan, advanced along the mountain, and stationed in Dingjun Mountain (now southeast of Mianxian County, Shaanxi Province). Xia School and Liu Bei fought for the terrain, and were killed by Huang Zhong, and suffered a great defeat. Later, Cao Cao led an army to capture Hanzhong, and Liu Bei couldn't get out. Cao Jun and Liu Beijun were separated for several months, and it was unprofitable, so he gave up Hanzhong.
Repel Guan Yu
In the summer and April of the 21st year of Jian 'an, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty conferred Cao Cao as Wang Wei, with a city of 30,000 households, ranking among the princes. He did not submit to the imperial edict, and worshipped the heavens and the earth with the imperial crown, clothes, flags and music suburbs. Going in and out is called warning. Ancestral temples, ancestors and wax figures are all made in the Han Dynasty, and the capital is Yecheng. All princes are princes. He is still a Han minister in name, but actually an emperor. In July of the 24th year of Jian 'an, just after Cao Cao withdrew from Hanzhong, Guan Yu, the general of Liu Bei, launched an attack from Jingzhou to his southeast defense line Xiang and Fan. Hearing this, Cao Cao immediately sent a general Yu Jin to lead the troops to save Fan Cheng. In August, Guan Yu took the flood to break through the Forbidden City and unify the seven armies, escaped from the Forbidden City, attacked Pound, took advantage of the situation and marched in and surrounded Fancheng. There were only a few thousand Cao troops in Fancheng at that time, and the city was flooded. The water was only a few feet away from the tower, and Coss led the army to defend. Cao Cao sent Huang Xu to save Fancheng. In October, Cao Cao rushed to Luoyang from Guanzhong and personally directed the rescue of Fancheng. Sun Quan didn't want Guan Yu's influence to develop, because Guan Yu was in the upper reaches of the river, and he had long wanted to seize Jingzhou, so he joined forces with Cao Cao and prepared to attack Jiangling, the important place of Jingzhou, with General Lv Meng. After receiving the letter, Cao Cao informed Coss of the news and ordered him to stick to it. He arrived in Mobei (now southeast of jia county, Henan), near the headquarters. He sent the 12th battalion to reinforce Huang Xu and ordered him to fight back against Guan Yu. Soon, Lv Meng successfully captured Jiangling. Guan Yu retired and was captured and killed by Sun Quanjun on the way.
The twilight of a strong man
Cao Cao has profound cultivation in literature, calligraphy and music. His literary achievements are mainly manifested in poetry and prose. There are less than 20 poems by Cao Cao, all of which are Yuefu poems. The content can be roughly divided into three categories. One is related to current affairs, the other is mainly to express ideals, and the other is poetry about immortals. For more than 30 years, Mao Yujun never gave up his books. During the day, you talk about martial arts, and at night, you think about classics. Climbing to the top must be given, and the strings of new poems make a movement. (Shu Wei) Although Shang Yahao was in the army, he couldn't put it down. Every time I decide to save, I calmly say: people who are less eager to learn will think professionally, and after a long time, they will forget; When I grow up, I can be a diligent scholar, just me and Yuan Boye. ("Canon on self-narration", Yuan Boye left his name and Yuan Shao was his brother. ) Cao Gong's old road is straight, and there is a sad saying. (Poems by Zhong Rong) Works related to current affairs include Autumn Dew, Good Li Xing, Bitter Cold, Walking Out of Xiamen, etc. Two songs, Autumn Journey and Good, were written in the early years of Jian 'an. The foregoing reflects that He Jinmou murdered eunuchs, and Dong Zhuo went to Luoyang for insurrection. The second article is about the states and counties in Kanto, each with its own ambitions, fighting with each other, and keeping pace with each other in content. Poetry describes this historical process in concise language, so it is called "A Record of the Late Han Dynasty, an authentic work of poetry history" (Zhong Xing's Ancient Poems Return). What is particularly commendable is that in the poem "A Journey to Luxury", he wrote the profound sufferings of the broad masses of the people in the war in a sympathetic tone: "When a cockroach is born, everyone dies, and the bones are exposed in the wild, and there are no crows in a thousand miles. There are hundreds of people left behind, which makes people feel sad. " A Journey to Bitter Cold was written in the 11th year of Jian 'an. The poem describes the coldness, desolation and precipitousness of Taihang Mountain in winter, with vivid images, and also writes the poet's inner complex feelings. "Out of Xiamen" was written in the twelfth year of Jian 'an, and the five rings levied three counties. This poem includes "Yan" (prelude) and four explanations. Yan concentrated on the poet's complex mood when he went to war. Explain "Watching the Sea" and write the impressions when marching through Jieshi; Second, explain Winter in October and Cold in the River, and write about what you saw and heard on your way home. Fourth, explain "although the tortoise lives long" and write about the ideological activities after winning this important battle. Among them, "Looking at the Sea" describes the seascape, "The autumn wind is bleak, the waves are rough, and the trip between the sun and the moon is unexpected; If the stars are brilliant, unexpected and magnificent, it embodies the poet's broad mind of embracing the universe and devouring the sun and the moon. "Although a turtle lives for a long time" expresses the poet's view on life and career with a series of vivid metaphors: "An old man riding on a horse, aiming at a thousand miles, a martyr died with great courage". This is the true confession of the poet's active and enterprising spirit all his life. The poems that mainly express ideals are Du Guan Shan, Duijiu, and Short Song. The political ideals of the first two poets. His vision of peace and prosperity is the politics of virtuous monarch and good minister, which combines Confucianism and law with kindness and prestige. This is undoubtedly of progressive significance under the realistic background of social destruction in the late Han Dynasty. The theme of "Short Song" is to be thirsty for talents. With poems such as "the mountain is not too high, the water is not too deep, the duke of Zhou vomits and feeds, and the world returns to its heart", it expresses the mood of seeking talents and recruiting talents to achieve its great cause. In artistic style, Cao Cao's poems are unpretentious and unpretentious. They won with deep affection and charm. Poetically, it is characterized by generosity and sadness. Generosity and sadness, originally the keynote of Jian 'an literature, are the most typical and prominent in Cao Cao's poems. In terms of poetic genre, Cao Cao's Yuefu poems did not copy the rules of Han Yuefu, but developed. For example, Lu Luxing and Good Li Xing are both elegies in the Han Yuefu, but he used old topics to express brand-new contents. Cao Cao initiated the tradition of writing current affairs with Yuefu, which had far-reaching influence. A large number of Yuefu poems created by Jian 'an writers and many poets from the Southern and Northern Dynasties to the Tang Dynasty can be said to be the inheritance and development of this tradition. Cao Cao's achievements in literature are also reflected in his constructive role in Jian 'an literature (see Seven Children of Jian 'an). Jian 'an literature can flourish under the background of long-term war and social fragmentation, which is inseparable from his attention and promotion. When discussing the reasons for the prosperity of Jian 'an literature, Liu Xie once pointed out that "respecting the monarch and loving poetry and elegance" (the literary mind carves dragons). In fact, the main writers in Jian 'an period were closely related to him. Cao Pi and Cao Zhi are his sons, and the "seven sons" and Cai Yan are also sheltered by him. It can be said that "Ye Group" was formed on the basis of the material conditions he provided; And their creation is also under the influence of his advocacy. According to the textual research of Yao Zhenzong's Records of the Three Kingdoms of Qing Dynasty, Cao Cao's works include 30 volumes of Wei Wudi Collection, Sun Tzu's Art of War 1 Volume, 13 Volume and so on. There are more than ten kinds of works, but most of them have been lost, and the only one that exists is Sun Tzu's Note. 145 poems collected by Zhang Yan in Ming Dynasty were included in Wei Wudi Collection and 103 in Records of Han, Wei and Six Dynasties. Ding's Collection of Celebrities in the Han, Wei and Six Dynasties also includes Wei Wudi's Collection, which has slightly more works than Zhang Pu's Collection. 1959, according to Ding Ben, Zhonghua Book Company added Annotation to Sun Tzu, and attached the Ji of Emperor Wu and Chronology of Cao Cao. , and reprinted as "Cao Cao Ji".