The fact that this open letter exists remains to be verified. The main reason for discussing intelligent design in evolution theory is that the main purpose of intelligent design is to attack evolution theory and replace it in biology class, and to teach creationism on the principle of not breaking the law, thus becoming the core of politics, religion and science, rather than contributing to scientific progress. Intelligent design is called pseudoscience by evolutionists. This theory has no arguments with logical thinking, no direct evidence, and no literature published in scientific journals as a theoretical basis to support intelligent design, except some controversies attacking evolution (most of which are uncontroversial by biologists). It holds that all creatures in the world come from a wise designer (changed by God) and are all created in an instant, and these creatures have nothing in common except the same creator. Even if there are differences between them, it is impossible to change species. Its theoretical basis is the Bible Genesis (refer to the case of Chizmiller v. Dover School District). Some Christian groups believe that intelligent design is an equally important scientific theory, even more reasonable than the existing evolutionary explanation of the origin of life.
Chizmiller v Dover school district in 2005. In this case, the plaintiff produced evidence to prove that the manuscript of Intelligent Design was only an article explaining the genesis of the Bible. 1987, after Edwards v aguilar, the author replaced the creator with the intelligent factor, and the old bottle with the new medicine. In the book Panda and Man (one of the main documents of intelligent design), there used to be a "c design proproponsist", which was actually caused by an editing error when "creator" was changed to "design proponensist". From the perspective of evolution, different species living at the same time can be traced back to a common ancestor in the dimension of time. Therefore, according to the ancestral relationship, living and once-living creatures can be related to each other, and this biological evolution system representing the ancestral relationship is called phylogeny. The phylogeny of organisms can be vividly represented as a tree: if the root to the top of the tree represents the time dimension, the trunk represents the same ancestor, and the big and small branches represent the interrelated evolutionary pedigree, this constitutes the so-called phylogenetic tree or evolutionary tree. The so-called evolutionary model is the characteristics of evolution in time and space, that is, the characteristics of systematic development, which are embodied in the morphology of evolutionary trees: the continuation and branching mode of branches, the inclined direction and spatial configuration of trunks, and the interruption of trunks. It represents the characteristics of midline evolution, species formation and extinction of phylogeny.
There are two kinds of evolutionary changes in pedigree evolution. One is the progressive change of morphological structure and its function from simple and relatively imperfect to complex and relatively perfect, which is called progressive evolution; The result of gradual evolution is that the level of organisms changes from low to high. Another evolutionary change is linear branching, which is called branching evolution; The result of branching evolution is the emergence of new taxonomic units and the increase of biodiversity. Generalized gradual evolution includes all kinds of evolutionary changes except branching evolution, including both gradual (progressive) evolutionary changes and non-gradual or even degenerate changes. A situation in which there is neither gradual evolution nor branching evolution is called stagnant evolution, such as living fossils. From a long-term perspective, biological evolution shows a certain direction, but this does not mean that there is an established evolutionary trajectory in nature. The directivity mentioned here is a statistical trend. Therefore, the evolutionary trend is a statistical trend of evolution caused by any factor (including random and non-random factors).
1) small evolutionary trend: refers to the trend of phenotypic evolution within the natural population of biological species due to natural selection. This evolution trend is usually the result of adapting to the local environment, and the evolution changes occur inside the line system, so it can also be called the evolution trend of the line system, which shows the inclination of the line system in the time evolution coordinate system.
2) Macroevolutionary trend: refers to the trend of lineal branching subjects in system development. The great evolutionary trend occurs in the lineage evolution of taxons of more than one species, so it can also be called the lineage evolution trend, which shows the deviation of pedigree. Many scholars have put forward various hypotheses to explain the reasons for the great evolutionary trend, but due to the lack of evidence, these hypotheses are rarely effective or convincing. Evolution is the process of gradual evolution and progress of living things. In this process, biology developed from low level to high level, from simple to complex. Few creatures on earth today are exactly like their ancient ancestors. Similarly, various creatures in the future will be different from today, which is the result of evolution. The process of evolution is extremely slow, and it can only evolve gradually through long-term natural selection. In addition to the evolution from low to high, the types of organisms are also increasing. There are many more species today than 500 million years ago, and they will continue to increase in the future. Lamarconism believes in ultimate cause theory, which holds that evolution is essentially from low to high, from primitive to high, from simple to complex, from imperfect to perfect. Without this inner power, how can we explain that life has gradually evolved from the simplest bacteria into beautiful orchids, towering trees, charming butterflies and intelligent humans (Meyer 20 10)? In this theoretical framework, evolution is gradual, that is, the purpose of biological evolution is to be more perfect. Human beings are not an ordinary branch of evolution, but the culmination of biological evolution. The biological efforts implied in acquired inheritance can be rewarded-the changes that have taken place in one generation can be passed down.
Darwin, on the other hand, resolutely opposed the existence of this mysterious force. According to Darwin's theory of evolution, nature has no purpose and direction, and human beings are just an ordinary branch of evolution. Darwin was very interested in the relationship between insects and plant pollination. Here, the co-evolution between insects with the most animal species and flowering plants with the most plant species is indeed full of randomness and does not show a clear direction.
Orthobiologists (mainly paleontologists) from Lamarckianism believe in the power of internal orientation. Bergel put forward nomogenebis-the evolution of organisms is a regular process, and neither random variation nor environmental impact can change this process. He believes that most of evolution is progressive, which makes organisms constantly improve and deliberate traits appear regularly in evolution. Osborne HF put forward the theory of "genealogy generation", which holds that genealogy occurs in the order above the class according to the principle of * * *, and many branches are generated by "adaptive radiation" in the order below the class. After that, the evolution of these branches is linear and no longer differentiated, so the whole genealogy is like a fern (Bowler 1983, see Tian).
Xie Ping believes that evolution is neither completely random nor completely directional. There is a certain directionality in randomness and a certain randomness in direction, which is essentially derived from a splicing and stacking method created by species in life. For a popular example, no matter how randomly people mutate, they can't mutate into insects, and insects can't mutate into adults at random anyway. The evolutionary history of a group roughly determines the direction of its continued differentiation, which is most obvious among complex higher animals, that is, the more complex and specialized the species structure is (probably due to the increasing competition between species and the finer niche differentiation), the narrower the direction of this change may be, because the space for its free adjustment is smaller, and even the road to extinction-this is not the providence of design, but because of the too large, complex and specialized body structure. Dinosaurs may be such an example, and socialized or grouped animals developed to avoid blind scale may open up a successful road, which seems to explain why mammals will flourish in the post-dinosaur era.