English: Eiffel Tower

French: La tour Eiffel

Introduction

The Eiffel Tower is one of the symbols of Paris and is known by the French She is fondly called the "Iron Lady". It is known as the three most famous buildings in the West, along with the Empire State Building in New York and the TV Tower in Tokyo.

In 1889, the 100th anniversary of the French Revolution, Paris held a large-scale international exposition to celebrate. The most eye-catching exhibit at the fair is the Eiffel Tower. It became a symbol of the industrial revolution sweeping the world at that time.

The designer of the Eiffel Tower is French architect Gustave Eiffel. In his early years he became known as an expert on dry bridges. There were many masterpieces in his life, all over the world, but it was the iron tower named after him that made him famous. In his own words: The Eiffel Tower "overwhelmed me, as if I had only built her all my life." At the beginning, although the French government decided to build the world's tallest iron tower in Paris, the funds provided were only 1/5 of the required cost. In order to realize his design, Eiffel mortgaged his construction engineering company and all his properties to the bank as engineering investment.

On January 28, 1887, construction of the Eiffel Tower officially started. 250 workers worked 8 hours a day in winter and 13 hours a day in summer. Finally, on March 31, 1889, the steel structure tower was completed. There are more than 18,000 metal parts in the Eiffel Tower, weighing 7,000 tons. During construction, 7 million holes were drilled and 2.5 million rivets were used. Since every component on the tower was strictly numbered in advance, there were no mistakes during assembly. The construction was carried out completely in accordance with the design, and no changes were made during the process, which shows that the design is reasonable and the calculation is accurate. According to statistics, there are more than 5,300 design sketches of the tower alone, including 1,700 full drawings.

The completed Eiffel Tower was 300 meters high and remained the tallest building in the world until 1930. Today, radio and television antennas have been added to the tower, and its total height has reached 320 meters. Standing on the tower, all of Paris is at your feet. Tourists from all over the world come to visit every day. By 1988, the "Iron Lady" had welcomed 123 million tourists from five continents.

On March 31, 1989, the Eiffel Tower turned 100 years old. For this reason, the Eiffel Tower Management Company specially hosted a grand commemorative event, recreating the historical scene where Eiffel led the crowd to the summit a hundred years ago: "Eiffel" wearing a black dress, a wide-brimmed hat, holding a national flag, and 30 "famous people" ", "Construction workers", climbing up the stairs amidst the grand sound of drums. When he placed the tricolor flag on the top of the tower, a 21-gun salute was fired, pigeons flew around the tower, and colorful balloons floated into the blue sky. Colorful banners with the words "Celebrating the 100th Anniversary of the Tower" written in languages ??from around the world were hung on the fence on the 2nd floor platform of the Tower. Countless tourists eagerly witnessed this spectacular scene.

The Eiffel Tower has experienced hundreds of years of ups and downs, but after undergoing major repairs in the early 1980s, it still looks majestic and stands majestically on the banks of the Seine. It is the pride of all French people.

The Eiffel Tower covers an area of ??one hectare and stands on the Champ de Mars on the banks of the Seine in downtown Paris. Except for the four legs, which are made of reinforced concrete, the whole body is made of steel. The total weight of the tower is 7,000 tons. The tower is divided into three floors, the first floor is 57 meters high, the second floor is 115 meters high, and the third floor is 274 meters high. Except for the third platform, which has no gaps, the other parts are all transparent. There are 1,711 steps from the tower base to the top of the tower. An elevator has been installed, so it is very convenient. There are bars and restaurants on each floor for tourists to take a break and enjoy the unique panoramic view of Paris: when the sky is clear, you can see scenery as far as 70 kilometers away.

The symbol of Paris

The Eiffel Tower (also translated as "Eiffel Tower") is a famous iron tower in Paris, France. It is located at the northern end of Place de Mars on the south bank of the Seine River. Construction started on January 26, 1887 and opened on May 15, 1889. It has a history of more than 100 years.

If Notre Dame is the symbol of ancient Paris, then the Eiffel Tower is the symbol of modern Paris.

In 1889, it was the 100th anniversary of the French Revolution. The French government decided to celebrate it grandly by holding an unprecedented World Exposition in Paris to showcase its achievements in industrial technology and culture, and to build a monument that symbolized the French Revolution and Monuments in Paris. The preparatory committee originally hoped to build a classical monumental complex with statues, monuments, gardens and temples. However, among more than 700 proposals, the design of the bridge engineer Gusta Eiffel was selected: a symbolic machine. Civilization, a giant tower that can be seen from anywhere in Paris.

The romantic Parisians gave the tower a beautiful name - "The Shepherdess in the Clouds". It is named after the designer, the famous French construction engineer Eiffel, and a bronze bust of Eiffel was built under the tower.

Steel masterpiece

The tower is a hollow steel frame structure, 324 meters high and weighing 10,000 tons. There are three-level platforms with an altitude of 57 meters, 115 meters and 274 meters for tours. The fourth-level platform is 300 meters above sea level and has a weather station. There is an antenna on the top, which is the Paris Television Center. There are elevators and 1,710 steps from the ground to the top of the tower.

The iron tower adopts a staggered structure, with four thick iron columns with concrete cement bases at an angle of 75 degrees to the ground supporting the towering tower body. It is equipped with four hydraulic lifts ( Now an elevator). It used more than 1,500 giant prefabricated beams, 1.5 million rivets, and 12,000 steel castings, with a total weight of 7,000 tons. It took 250 workers 17 months to build, cost 7.4 million gold francs, and was painted every 7 years. , 52 tons of paint are used each time. This behemoth shows the powerful power of industrial production in the early stages of capitalism. Rather than being called a building, it is more appropriately called an assembly. In the process of design, disassembly, production of parts, assembly and repair, a set of scientific, economical and effective methods are summarized, which also shows the French's whimsical romantic taste, artistic taste, innovative courage and sense of humor.

Just like the Statue of Liberty, which crossed the Atlantic and settled in New York after the victory of World War II, the Eiffel Tower seeks harmony in disharmony and seeks possibility in the impossible. Its significance to the Art Nouveau movement must not be far-fetchedly understood as just the big curve from the spire to the base of the tower, or some iron casting pattern lace on the tower: just like Art Nouveau, the Iron Tower represented Europe at that time in its classical period. A specific period of transition and transformation from the Islamic tradition to modernism.

In recent years, the Paris city government has carried out major repairs to the tower. Starting from Christmas 1985, the tower switched to iodine tungsten lamps for lighting. The tower body appears golden at night, which not only saves electricity, but also makes it more beautiful.

The story behind the Eiffel Tower

It may be difficult for people today to believe that when the idea of ??the Eiffel Tower was proposed in the late 1800s, many Parisians and even many French people did not think so. Disapprove. The following story is about one of the most iconic buildings on earth - the Eiffel Tower.

Revolutionary Idea

In 1885, French officials began planning to hold a Great Exposition in 1889 to celebrate the 100th anniversary of the victory of the French Revolution. They wanted to build a monument that would represent the honor of France.

At that time, the stone Washington Monument had just been completed. With a height of 557 feet, this monument became the tallest building in the world at the time. The French hope to surpass this record by building a 1,000-foot tower in the center of Paris. Now, all that needs to be done is to find the design and architect of this tower.

Open selection

On May 2, 1886, the French government announced a design competition, and French engineers and architects were invited to participate in the study of erecting a design at Champ de Mars. Possibility of tower with base of 125 m2 and height of 300 m.

No matter what idea is proposed by the contestants, their design must meet the following two conditions:

1. The building can be used to raise funds. In other words, it must be able to attract enough tourists to buy tickets to visit, and the funds generated can maintain the building itself.

2. This is a temporary building that can be easily dismantled after the expo.

No Competition

More than 100 designs entered the competition before the May 18th deadline. Most of them are very traditional, others are very weird. Some people proposed building a huge guillotine; some proposed erecting a 1,000-foot sprinkler to irrigate the entire Paris during the dry season; others suggested installing a huge electric light on the top of the tower to illuminate the entire Paris. 8 times, you can read newspapers conveniently.

The fact is that none of the proposals passed. Just when the competition was announced, a 53-year-old construction engineer, Alexandre-Gustave Eiffel, had already begun thinking about using metal to build a great building for France.

A few weeks ago, he had met with a French minister named Edouard Lockroy and submitted his prepared plan-an iron tower. Eiffel produced 5,329 mechanical drawings describing the 18,038 different parts that would be used. Lockroy was so enamored with Eiffel's design that he secretly manipulated the design competition to make Eiffel's design win.

Joint venture construction

In January 1887, Eiffel signed a contract with the French government and the Paris municipal government. Eiffel's engineering firm will pay $1.3 million of the total construction budget of $1.6 million. In exchange, Eiffel will receive revenue from the tower during the exposition and for the next 20 years. (By this time the government had agreed to keep the tower after the fair.) All ownership would then be transferred to the city of Paris, which could dismantle the tower if it wished.

Unlike other public monuments, the Eiffel Tower was designed to make money from the beginning. If you want to take the elevator or stairs to the ground floor, you need to pay 2 francs; if you want to go all the way to the top, you need to pay 5 francs (cheaper on Sundays). This is just the beginning. Restaurants, cafes, and shops are also planned to be opened on the first floor; a post office, telephone exchange, bakery, and gallery are planned to be opened on the second floor. The tower is designed to accommodate 10,416 paying tourists at the same time.

Breaking ground

Construction began on January 26. At this time, time was running out. There were only two years until the opening of the fair, and Eiffel had to move at a faster pace. Undertake construction. You know, the Washington Monument, which is half as tall as the Eiffel Tower, took 36 years to complete.

Waves of protest among Parisians

A 1,000-foot-tall building would lower the Parisian sky and suppress other city landmarks such as Notre Dame and the Louvre Palace (Louvre) and Arc de Triomphe (Arc de Triomphe)... When the Eiffel Tower began to break ground, more than 300 well-known Paris citizens signed a petition calling for the project to be stopped. They claimed Eiffel's "candelabra" would damage Paris' reputation and image. However, Eiffel and the city government ignored the protest, and construction work continued unaffected.

Other fears

The Tower has other critics. A French mathematics professor predicts that the building will collapse when it reaches 748 feet; some "experts" say the tower's lights will kill all the fish in the Seine.

The Paris version of the New York Herald claimed that the tower was changing the climate, and the daily newspaper "Le Matin" used a headline to report that the tower was "sinking." However, the construction of the tower never stopped for a moment, and a feeling of awe began to replace fear.

The Eighth Wonder of the World

Generally speaking, architecture is improved based on learning from previous works. For example, if you want to build a 10-story building, it is best to study 8 and 9 first. layer building. Eiffel was not so lucky. No building had ever reached the height of the Eiffel Tower before.

In order to complete the construction of the Tower, Eiffel designed many creative technologies:

· Unlike other large-scale construction projects at the time, Eiffel manufactured all the components in his own workshop in advance. part. In other words, when these components are sent to the construction site, they can be installed very quickly.

· The rivet holes are pre-made to a tolerance of one tenth of a millimeter, allowing 20 riveting teams to assemble 1,650 rivets per day.

·Each component of building a tower weighs no more than 3 tons, which makes small cranes widely used.

Tower Piers

At the beginning of the project, there were actually four construction sites, each of which was a leg of the tower or became a tower pier. The piers did not meet until 180 feet in, and when they did, they had to be perfectly level. This perfect level would serve as the basis for the remaining 800 feet. If the tower piers are constructed slightly incorrectly, the entire tower will tilt.

Eiffel knew that he could not guarantee that the tower piers would hold up a perfect level after construction, so he installed a temporary hydraulic pump at the base of each tower pier. In this way, as the project progresses, he can make fine adjustments by slightly raising or lowering the tower piers. After the overall adjustment is completed, workers will embed iron wedges into the tower piers to permanently fix the tower piers.

Later it turned out that Eiffel had nothing to worry about. Even at a height of 180 feet, the maximum error of the four tower piers is less than 2.5 inches. The four tower piers are simply adjusted and fixed. To this day, the tower remains in perfect condition.

Epilogue

The Eiffel Tower is a miracle, not only because of its unique design, but also because the tower was built faster than expected and at a lower cost than expected. The exhibition is scheduled to start on May 6, and the tower will be completed on March 31.

Eiffel and his company made their money back in record time. During the six months of the expo, the tower earned US$1.4 million, while the original estimated cost was only US$1.6 million. Plus a government subsidy of US$300,000, the investment was fully recovered before the end of the expo.

The completed tower was so spectacular that it won the admiration of many of its original critics. Among them was Tirard, the French Prime Minister at the time. He initially opposed the project, but after the project was completed, he awarded Eiffel the Legion of Honor. This iron tower has become a symbol of France's highest technology and a symbol of France.

Of course not everyone will change their attitude. Guy de Maupassant, the novelist famous for "The Necklace", is said to often eat on the second floor of the Tower. His reason is: here It’s the only place where you can’t see the Iron Tower. And in Maupassant's novels, many characters don't like the Tower either.

Facts about the Eiffel Tower

· Every seven years, the Eiffel Tower is painted with 300 tons of reddish green paint. The reason for the reddish green is that this color has the least impact on the blue sky and the green space of Champ de Mars below the Eiffel Tower.

·The four piers of the iron tower point exactly to the southeast and northwest.

· In 1925, the city of Paris planned to decorate the Eiffel Tower with electric lights as part of an art fair held nearby, but gave up because the cost was as high as $500,000. When the car manufacturer André Citro?n (Citro?n) learned of the plan, he was prepared to sponsor the project, but the condition was that the lights would be used to form the logo of his car company. Finally the two sides reached an agreement.

· Unfortunately, the Eiffel Tower has also become the most famous suicide spot in France. Every year, an average of four people commit suicide by jumping from the tower or hanging from the tower. The first person to jump from the tower was a tailor named Reichelt. He sewed clothes with bat wings for himself. He thought he could fly, but unfortunately.

Three Observation Towers

The French say that the Eiffel Tower is the "observation tower of the capital", and it is indeed true. It has three observation decks: upper, middle and lower, which can accommodate tens of thousands of people at the same time. Each of the three observation decks has a different view and brings different tastes. For a century, about 3 million people have climbed to the top of the tower every year to overlook the city of Paris and be amazed.

The highest observation deck is 274 meters above the ground. If you go up the 1,652 steps, it will take almost an hour. Of course, you can also use the elevator to climb. This is the best place to look from a distance, which will give people the feeling that the noisy Paris suddenly quieted down and turned into a huge map, with numerous avenues and alleys delineating countless lines of different widths. All of Paris is at your feet, and when the view is clear during the day, you can see as far as 60 kilometers away.

The middle-level observation deck is 115 meters above the ground. Some say the best views can be seen looking out from this level. Indeed, the light yellow tower of the Arc de Triomphe, the Louvre in the green shade, and the white Sacre Coeur de Montmartre are all clearly visible and colorful. When you climb the tower in the evening, you will see a picturesque night, with lights like brocade and green trees reflecting the trees. The street lights intertwined like a net are really like a beaded net after rain, every particle of it crystal clear. There is also a well-decorated panoramic restaurant on this floor, which is packed with customers all year round. Seats must be reserved in advance.

The observation deck on the bottom floor is the largest and quite spacious. It has various service facilities such as conference halls, cinemas, restaurants, shops and post offices. Among the crowds passing by, it feels like you are in a busy city, forgetting that this is 57 meters in the air after all. The close-up view is ideal from here. To the north, the Palais de Charlotte and its splashing fountain, the Seine River flowing quietly at the foot of the tower, the large lawn of the Mars Campus and the ancient buildings of the French Military Academy to the south, form an unforgettable landscape.

From criticism to praise

Like all innovative buildings in Paris, the Eiffel Tower was indifferent and rejected by most Parisians from the beginning, not to mention the architecture and urban planning. Experts criticized harshly. Although Eiffel, the designer of the Eiffel Tower, declared that "France will be the only country in the world to fly its flag three hundred meters in the air," he was unable to convince anti-Eiffel Tower opponents from all walks of life.

The Times even published an appeal signed by 300 people opposing Eiffel's design, believing that the sword-shaped iron tower will completely destroy Paris' architectural art style, including quite a few. The famous Maupassant and Dumas et al. Even after the tower was completed, the criticism did not stop. Garnier petitioned the government to demolish it; Verlaine, the famous French poet and representative of symbolism, immediately took another route every time he passed the tower to avoid seeing its "ugly" image. For a time, the storm caused by the Eiffel Tower swept the entire city of Paris.

It was only because the tower made a significant contribution to radio communications in World War I that the opposition gradually subsided. From then on, the Eiffel Tower had a formal status in Paris. It was gradually accepted and loved, and finally became the canvas of painters. The famous landscape painter Valadon's only son Utrillo, the primitive painters Henry, Rousseau, etc. have all described it to their heart's content. The French surrealist poet Apollinaire also praised it in his poems.

An engineer who never thought of taking art as his starting point has created the greatest work of art of our time; a monumental iron tower that was not built for a broadcast transmitter, but was praised for its role as a launch pad. People agree that this is indeed a great irony.

Maintenance of the Eiffel Tower

Since its completion in 1889, the Eiffel Tower in Paris, France, has become a symbol of France. This 320-meter-high building is connected by 12,000 metal parts and uses more than 9,000 tons of steel. The French have a feminine and delicate character. They do not call this behemoth a "great hero" or a "big man", but rather refer to it intimately as the "Iron Lady".

The Iron Lady stands proudly and gracefully, and has been standing in the wind and rain for more than a hundred years. Since it is a "lady", it must take a bath and dress up. But this lady in Paris has only washed her vagina 18 times in 118 years. The shortest time was once every two years, and the longest time was only once in decades. This pitiful record will not only make "ladies" sad, but will also make "men" cry.

So, how does the "Iron Lady" take a bath? Due to the complex construction of the Eiffel Tower, artificial paint is still used. The paint itself is made of specialized materials and has a longer lifespan than other paints.

Due to the huge structure of the tower, the number of laborers cannot be too many, usually around 25. Workers first polish the steel frame with sandpaper, scrape off the aged paint, and apply primer.

Then, workers applied 55 tons of mixed paint to the tower bit by bit, which is an important part of protecting the Eiffel Tower. Workers have to apply paint to various parts of the tower: the sunny side, the shady side, the windward side of the top... The most difficult part is the dead corner of the top tower, where people can only bend or tilt their bodies to work. . Although they are all equipped with safety ropes, there will not be much danger to life, but according to the words of the workers: "Painting this beautiful tower is indeed a hard job."

While painting the tower At that time, the tower was open for business as usual. A large number of tourists come to visit every day. Sometimes paint drips on tourists, and staff will help remove them. This paint is easy to remove when wet but is as solid as stone once dry.

The key to the "Iron Lady's" bathing is the paint used in the Eiffel Tower. This paint color is very unique, consisting of three different shades of brown, dark brown at the bottom and light brown at the top. It has a special name called "Eiffel Tower Tan". Usually, when people visit, they are only amazed by the tall and majestic style of the Tower, and are impressed by its ingenious creativity. On the contrary, few people pay attention to the color of the Tower. In fact, the beauty of the "Iron Lady", in addition to her graceful figure, is the combination of her own color and light, which makes the tower look more radiant and memorable.

Mr. Eiffel, the designer of the Iron Tower, once said when he delivered the drawings: "Only proper paint can guarantee the life of this metal building." This sentence is very applicable to the maintenance of the Iron Lady. Is it also more suitable for the maintenance of people's emotions today: meticulous care, good beginning and end, this is the great beauty of the world.

Painting History

1 Painting Maintenance Before 1968

When the Eiffel Tower was first built, it was coated with one coat of oil-based iron red primer and two coats of Linseed oil iron red paint, plus a thick coat of bright red varnish, the exterior color changes from dark to light from bottom to top according to the specification.

During the first repainting in 1892, the rusted areas were removed and then painted with red lead paint. Other areas were flushed and generally cleaned and then painted with lead white/tawny refined linseed oil paint. , requiring a 5a warranty maintenance period.

Repaint in 1899, supplied and applied by Messrs. Georges Hartog & Co., a company manufacturing varnishes and enamels, in 5 shades of paint, from bottom to top Evolve from deep orange to light yellow respectively. This repair and recoat begins with a 7-year warranty maintenance period.

The Eiffel Tower began using mica iron oxide oil-based paint in 1907 after white lead was banned in paint. Due to the war, it was not repainted again with the same paint until 1924. In 1932, 1939 and 1947, the same painting work was carried out. Dust-contaminated surfaces were brushed away, grease was cleaned, and the rusted areas were treated with rust hammers and wire brushes. The rusted areas were first treated locally. Touch up the paint, and then apply the topcoat uniformly, using 35 tons of paint and consuming 40,000 hours of labor.

During the maintenance painting in 1954, the rusted parts were repaired with two coats of linseed oil red lead paint, and then painted with reddish-brown linseed oil iron red and lead chromate paint. The same paint system was used in 1961, the only difference being the addition of some phenolic resin to 15 parts drying oil.

2 Painting maintenance in 1968

Beginning in 1968, the Eiffel Tower painting project began a new phase. Repair rusty areas with raw linseed oil red paint. The topcoat uses a mixed base of drying oil (92% to 94%) and alkyd resin (6% to 8%).

The paint quality guarantee period is still 7 years, but the gloss and rust proportions are more clearly defined, and for the first time the specified level Re3 in the European rust specification has been used. Re3 is equivalent to Ri3 in ISO 4628-3, with a corrosion rate of 1%.

The quality assurance level of Re3 corrosion ratio is a very stringent requirement in the era of using traditional red lead anti-rust paint and oily/alkyd topcoat. Therefore, some other mandatory requirements were also included in this maintenance painting project, with special emphasis on the quality control of surface treatment:

(1) For rusty parts and paint films with low adhesion ( Cracked, peeling and blistered areas), use a shovel, wire brush, needle hammer, etc. to remove to expose the bare steel surface. For deeper corrosion points, use vacuum cleaning after chipping.

(2) Use pure red linseed oil paint for partial repair.

(3) Use pure water to rinse away all sticky dust and grease caused by elevator operation.

(4) Use paint approved by the owner, and use round-head brushes for all construction.

(5) Carry out strict paint transportation and entry inspection, and carry out pre-use inspection and control by paint experts and owners; regularly inspect the paint.

In 1995, tools such as video systems and photos began to be used for painting projects to assist anti-corrosion control.

3 Painting maintenance in 2001

After 112 years of ups and downs, the Eiffel Tower started its 18th "beauty" project on December 3, 2001. This time it is a new lead-free environmentally friendly paint provided by Jotun Paint France. It will make the surface of the tower more resistant to rust and air pollution, thus extending the full painting cycle of the tower every seven years to every Once every 10 years, however, the parts most susceptible to aging on the 1st to 3rd floors of the tower will still be painted every 5 years in the future. This followed a three-year laboratory and field trial of the products of all the paint companies that submitted the bid, with Jotun Paints’ Mammut range of polyurethane-modified alkyd paints finally chosen. The Mammut system is divided into primer and topcoat, and is packaged in one component. It can be applied in thick film to a dry film of 100 μm without sagging, while ordinary alkyd paints can usually only be applied to a dry film of 50 μm. The coating system also has low flame spread performance and has been certified by relevant specialized testing agencies. The painting of the Eiffel Tower is a difficult and complex project.

The painters working in the air must first use a high-pressure water mist spray gun to spray the surface of the 200,000-square-meter tower to completely remove accumulated bird droppings and other dirt; then, they must strictly check the condition of the original paint and use Knock out and polish the damaged and corroded paint with a hand hammer and portable grinding wheel; then, apply 2 layers of anti-rust paint to the tower body; finally, apply a layer of brown topcoat. The entire project requires 60 tons of paint and is completed by 25 painters. In order to avoid inconvenience to tourists when climbing the tower, a safety net covering an area of ??about 2 hectares has been erected on the tower. Painters will also wear overalls of the same color as the tower when working in the air. The paint system provided is divided into three slightly different color levels, which are painted on different levels of the tower to make them more coordinated and more gorgeous. In addition to providing high-quality coating products, Jotun Paint also dispatches experienced technical personnel to guide the construction on site during the entire construction process.

Travel Guide

Tickets:

Use the elevator to reach the first floor of the tower, adults and children over 12 years old, 4.3 euros per person, under 12 years old and over 3 years old Children 2.4 euros/person.

Use the elevator to reach the second floor of the tower. Adults and children over 12 years old cost 7.7 euros per person, and children under 12 years old and over 3 years old cost 4.2 euros per person.

Use the elevator to reach the top of the tower. Adults and children over 12 years old cost 11 euros per person, and children under 12 and over 3 years old cost 6 euros per person.

Use the stairs to reach the first and second floors of the tower. Adults over 25 years old are 3.8 euros per person, and adults under 25 years old are 3.0 euros per person.

All tickets are free for children under 3 years old.

Opening hours:

09:30-23:00 (January 1st to June 15th, September 3rd to December 31st); 09:00- 24:00 (June 16 to September 2).

How to get there:

You can get there by taking buses 42, 69, 72, 82 and 87.

Food and drink:

There are restaurants on the first and second floors of the tower, namely ALTITUDE 95 (the tower is 95 meters above the ground) and LE JULES VERNE (the tower is 95 meters above the ground). 125 meters), providing catering services for tourists. In addition, there are snack bars and ice cream shops at the entrance of the tower.

Shopping:

There are souvenir shops at the entrance of the Tower and on the first and second floors of the Tower.

Souvenirs:

It is not recommended to buy small metal models of the tower. This model is very expensive, a small iron model costs 5-10 euros. Buying models in black hands elsewhere, of the same quality, you can buy six or seven for one euro. However, it is recommended to buy commemorative pens, notebooks, erasers, photo frames, etc. at the tower. It is difficult to buy it anywhere except on the tower.

There is another wonderful thing about the Eiffel Tower: in the morning, the tower deflects 100㎜ to the west, and at noon, the tower deflects 70㎜ to the north, and is perpendicular to the ground at night. In winter, at -10℃, the tower body 17cm shorter than in hot summer.

Please guess: What is the reason?