Zhuge Liang of Shu and Han in the Three Kingdoms (18 1 ~ 234)

Zhuge Liang was born in Yang Du County (now Yishui County, Shandong Province) during the Three Kingdoms period. When his teenage parents died, he followed his uncle to avoid chaos in Jingzhou and lived in seclusion in Longzhong, Nanyang. He often compares himself with Guan Zhonghe, likes to sing Song of Fu Liang, and makes friends with celebrities such as Pang Degong, Pang Tong, Huang, Cui and Xu Shu. His ingenuity is recognized by everyone, and he is called "Wolong". Marry Huang's daughter.

When Liu Bei was stationed in Xinye, Xu Shu was the chief of staff and recommended Zhuge Liang to Liu. Liu Bei visited his Lu three times, and Zhuge Liang met him and immediately put forward the famous "Longzhong Dui". That is, the proposal of occupying Jing and Yi States, uniting Sun Quan, confronting Cao Cao and unifying the world. Won the appreciation of Liu Bei and became Liu Bei's main assistant from now on. Later, he helped Liu Bei defeat Cao Cao in Chibi, assisted Yizhou, and made Shu, Wei and Wucheng stand firm. After Cao Pi replaced Han as emperor, Liu Bei also became emperor, Zhuge Liang became prime minister and premier, and Guan Yu guarded Jingzhou.

In the spring of the third year of Zhangwu (223), Liu Bei was dying in Yong 'an, and called Zhuge Liang to take care of the affairs, saying, "You are only ten times better than Cao Pi, and you will be able to settle down in the world and achieve great things in the end." If the heir can be assisted, he will be assisted; If he is incompetent, you can take his place. Zhuge Liang quickly cried: "I will try my best to bring out the best in each other, and I will be loyal to death!" " "After he acceded to the throne, he appointed Zhuge Liang as the marquis of Wuxiang, set up the Prime Minister's Office to handle daily affairs, and concurrently served as Yizhou Pastoral. At that time, the military, political and financial affairs of the whole country, big or small, were decided by Zhuge Liang.

After Zhuge Liang came to power, the first important thing he did was to resume diplomatic relations with Soochow. After Liu Bei's death, Soochow continued to be a vassal of Wei, but on the other hand, it has not made up its mind how to deal with Shu, and it is still at the border of Shu. Zhuge Liang sent Deng Zhi, a minister, to persuade Sun Quan to unite with Shu and sever relations with Wei.

At that time, during Liu Bei's crusade, the counties in South China rebelled under the instigation of Wu Dong, which seriously threatened the backyard of Shu Han. After Zhuge Liang came to power, he resumed diplomatic relations with Soochow and cut off foreign aid to South China. After two years of aftercare, Zhuge Liang wrote to his late master, determined to quell the rebellion in southern China. In the spring of the third year of Jianxing (225), Zhuge Liang led an army to conquer Nanzhong in three ways. In this war, Zhuge Liang used offensive tactics against Meng Huo, the rebel leader, which completely convinced him. After the war of counter-insurgency, Zhuge Liang drew lessons from the experience of "the princes encouraged each other", divided the four counties in the south into six counties, with Jianning County, the center of the rebellion, as the smallest, and used a large number of indigenous surnames as officials, in order to achieve the goal of not leaving soldiers, transporting grain and grass. Recruit more than 10,000 "Qing Qiang" from South China into Sichuan, and form five cavalry units with their youth and strength, which are called "Flying Army": set up a commander-in-chief to be responsible for the military and political affairs in South China. In December of that year, Zhuge Liang led the army back to Chengdu.

In March of the fifth year of Wen (227), Zhuge Liang took the model to see his ancestors and led his army to Hanzhong to prepare for the Northern Expedition. He first trained in Hanzhong for about a year, and then attacked the north. Wei Nan 'an (Longxi, Gansu), Tianshui and Anding (Jichuan, Gansu) immediately fell to Shu. Wei Mingdi went to Chang 'an to supervise the war, while Cao Zhen supervised the right army, and adopted the strategy of giving priority to defense. The Shu army first took Gu Jielu's capture of Yan County as a threat, so that Zhao Yun and Deng Zhi led the army to take Ji Gu (now northwest of Shaanxi Baocheng) as the suspected army, and Zhuge Liang led the main force to attack Qishan in the west. Ma Su, who joined the army, led an army as a pioneer and was stationed in the street pavilion. Ma Su waved improperly, was defeated by Wei Jun, and lost the street pavilion. The Shu army lost its stronghold and had to retreat to Hanzhong (there was no "empty city plan" of Sima Yijun in official history). Zhuge Liang beheaded Ma Su with tears in his eyes, wrote to himself three times, and became prime minister as a right general.

In the winter of 228, in the sixth year of Jianxing, Wei Jun attacked Wu in the third way, and Guanzhong was empty. Zhuge Liang led the army to the Northern Expedition again. The Shu army went through the big three passes this time, besieged Chencang for more than 20 days, and all the food was gone. In the seventh year of Jianxing (229), Zhuge Liang led the army to the third Northern Expedition. The Shu army marched westward, occupied Weiwudu and Yin Ping counties, and then returned. Zhuge Liang was reinstated as prime minister.

During this period, the contradiction between Zhuge Liang and Li Yan became the focus of attention. It turns out that the two of them are entrusted by Liu Bei, and * * * is the assistant minister. Until lite four years (226), the relationship between them was relatively good. Zhuge Liang praised Li Yan in his letter to Mengda. But not long after, Li Yan wrote to Zhuge Liang, suggesting that he use the power of state affairs to become a knight and king like Cao Cao and accept the "Nine Tin", so that he can also get some benefits. Zhuge Liang was very angry about this and severely criticized Li Yan in his reply. Soon, before Zhuge Liang prepared to attack Wei, he asked Li Yan to guard Hanzhong with his 20 thousand army. Li Yan bargained for Zhuge Liang to draw five counties from the eastern part of Yizhou to set up Jiangzhou, and let him be the secretariat of Jiangzhou, but the transfer failed. Zhuge Liang put the overall situation first and compromised; In the seventh year of lite, before Kyle went to Wu Dong, he specifically asked Zhuge Liang to report Li Yan's clever deception, especially about some misdeeds of Li Yan when he was an official in his hometown in his early years, but it did not attract enough attention from Zhuge Liang. In the eighth year of Jianxing (230), he wanted to attack Shu in three ways. Zhuge Liang once again asked Li Yan to take 20 thousand troops to Hanzhong, and Li Yan bargained again. Zhuge Liang immediately gave in and appointed his son as the governor of Jiangzhou, and took over the work after Li Yan was transferred. Li Yan carried out the transfer order. In the ninth year of Jianxing (23 1), Zhuge Liang attacked Wei for the fourth time and put Li Yan in charge of logistics supply in Hanzhong. Li Yan failed to raise food and grass in time, so he wrote to Zhuge Liang that the emperor ordered the retreat. After Zhuge Liang withdrew his troops, he lied to the court that withdrawing troops was to lure the enemy. When Zhuge Liang came back, he pretended to be surprised and asked, "Do we have enough rations? Why did you suddenly retreat? " ? "So Zhuge Liang took out Li Yan's letters in the court, signed them with many soldiers, impeached Li Yan, removed his Shu Ren and exiled him to Zitong.

In February (234), the 12th year of Jianxing, Zhuge Liang made the fifth northern expedition and led a large army out of the oblique valley, according to Wuzhangyuan (now 40 miles south of Qishan County, Shaanxi Province). This time, I made an appointment to attack Wei at the same time. However, Wu Dong has been slow to send troops. Until May, Sun sent Lu Xun to camp in Jiangxia and Miankou (now Hanzhen, Hubei) and attacked Xiangyang, while Sun Quan himself led the army to encircle the new town. In this regard, Wei Mingdi's strategy is to defeat Wu Dong first. He personally led the water army eastward, made Sima Yi, who was guarding the west, insist on not fighting and let the Shu army retreat. However, when Sun Quan learned of Wei Zhu's intention, he thought that his side had become the main battlefield and suffered losses, that is, he ordered all the troops to withdraw. On the western front. In view of the lessons from the past, Zhuge Liang divided his troops and settled in the field, intending to be stationed for a long time. In August of this year, Zhuge Liang suddenly fell ill and died at the front, at the age of 54. The Shu army retreated across the board. Zhuge Liang left a will before his death: "If you are buried in Dingjun Mountain in Hanzhong, dig a grave on the hillside, and a coffin can be placed in the grave." . Wear ordinary clothes and don't bury things. 」

Zhuge Liang's writings, in the "Three Kingdoms", include "Catalogue of Zhuge Ji", 24 articles, 104 1 12 words. Zhuge Zhongwu Hou Ji compiled by A Qing Zhang Shu is a relatively complete work.