Li Hongzhang even proposed to talk about them one by one, so as to divide them one by one. Two days after China put forward the outline of the peace talks, the supreme commander of the allied forces, Videsi, finally arrived in Beijing. Beowulf is smarter than anyone about the outline of the peace talks proposed by Li Hongzhang, and Vidas's attitude is "ignore it". Cixi's problems can't be bypassed. In order to ensure that Cixi would not be convicted, Li Hongzhang insisted on stating in the clause that "taking relatives will not aggravate the punishment". At this time, the words "China's national conditions" came into play. Li Hongzhang let the other party know that China people are filial piety-oriented, ruling the country with loyalty, and the Queen Mother is the mother of the country, so we must respect her.
network diagram
Negotiators are divided on almost all issues. Li Hongzhang should cease fire before making peace, and the allies should make peace before making peace. The allied forces drew up a long list of killings, blockades, exile and confiscation of property. Li Hongzhang believes that we should distinguish and protect as strictly as possible according to the imperial edict of the Queen Mother. The negotiations broke up in discord, and the allies continued to advance westward, sending troops to invade the Xiling and Dongling of the Qing army, approaching Zhangjiakou and putting pressure on Cixi. The commander of the coalition forces, Videsi, said that if China does not make a decision that satisfies all countries, the coalition forces will attack Shaanxi and catch the real culprit! Then there is psychological warfare. Cixi racked her brains every day in xi' an and said, "I always feel uneasy when I think that I am the first disaster." "She can't see the classics for a day, and she feels at a loss. However, every time you see electricity, you are less happy and more surprised, which really makes you timid. "
165438+1October 2 1 day, she telegraphed Li Hongzhang: "What are the clues of all the terms demanded by the great powers? Have you ever asked what you can't do? It should be a truthful secret broadcast. " Her attitude towards the peace talks is very firm: "The overall situation is the most important, and the proposal can be put forward or not."
Defeat is the lesser of two evils. "
Li Hongzhang is playing divide and rule. 1 1 The negotiators from various countries seem to have a strong lineup. In fact, this time they are in a "grass-headed class" and everyone has a career. Russia is thinking about the fat meat in the northeast, and countries such as Japan, Britain and the United States are right.
This heart is jealous. The French are concerned about the smooth spread of Catholicism, while the Germans want to get their hands on China. Li Hongzhang saw that their strange strange bedfellows was conveyed by Yung Wing. As long as she keeps the "show" of Cixi, she can talk about anything.
Italy ",and then actively bribed Russia to mediate this matter. Soon, British Prime Minister Salisbury said to the Germans who first proposed punishing the murderer as a prerequisite: "It is absolutely undeniable that if Empress Dowager Cixi is involved in this matter,
People will risk abandoning China's entire national organization, which is not good for Europe. "As soon as the allied forces were a little loose here, Li Hongzhang quickly sent a message to Cixi, asking the court to' throw the car to protect the handsome, and throw it out without an order'. Subsequently, ministers of all countries unanimously demanded that negotiations could only begin after Emperor China and the Empress Dowager returned to Beijing. Cixi had no idea of returning to Beijing at this time.
After the negotiations were deadlocked again, Li Hongzhang's usual strategy was to "wait and see", which was tried and tested. First of all, "Li Hongzhang is ill". Li Hongzhang is really ill. A 78-year-old man was shot again at 1895. The bullet residue is still in the lower part of his eye. Coupled with days of fatigue, his illness is certain, but he has not fallen ill yet. After a long delay, the turning point came. The Russians are going to supervise the three northeastern provinces of China, causing great anxiety in Japan, Britain, the United States and other countries. Instead of insisting on "severely punishing the culprits" and "returning the two palaces" as preconditions for peace talks, they are eager to start discussing the specific contents of peace talks. 1900 On the day before Christmas, ministers from Britain, the United States, France, Russia, Germany, Japan, Italy, Austria, Spain, Belgium and the Netherlands handed over the outline of the peace talks to the Prince of Iraq, demanding a quick reply.
network diagram
This peace program is the blueprint of the Xin Chou Treaty: 1. Prince China sent a special envoy to Germany to apologize for Cleander's murder and set up an archway at the scene of the murder; 2. Severely punish the culprits and stop scientific research for five years in towns where foreigners are killed and abused; 3. China must use the excellent honor code to apologize to the Japanese government for killing the Japanese clerk; 4. China must set up tombstones where people's graves are desecrated; 5. It is not allowed to import weapons and weapons manufacturing equipment into China; 6. Fair compensation for foreigners' value and property losses; 7. Countries stationed troops to protect embassies and demarcate embassy areas; 8. Leveling Dagu Fort; 9. The capital is stationed by soldiers from various countries at the seaside; 10. The military and civilians are forbidden to join groups hostile to all countries forever; 1 1. Amend the Merchant Shipping Treaty; 12. reform the etiquette of the prime minister's government and ministers of various countries. After reading the terms, Li Hongzhang sighed again and again. He ordered the original text to be telegraphed to Xi 'an immediately, and asked the operator to tell the other party that the draft telegram must be written in heavy pen and presented to Cixi. After the news reached Xi, it caused an uproar. Everyone finds the conditions extremely harsh and unacceptable. At the same time, Waders also put pressure on Li Hongzhang. Finally, Cixi approved the outline, because it was neither listed as the culprit nor asked her to hand over power.
190 1 year 1 month 65438+5, Li Hongzhang and Yi _ signed the Outline of Peace Talks. Knowing that time was running out, Li Hongzhang wanted to end the negotiations as soon as possible. On behalf of the Qing court, he asked all countries to withdraw their troops as soon as possible, but the attitude of all countries was that they must deal with a man as he deals with you, and the amount of compensation must be fixed, otherwise they would never withdraw their troops. 1901February 2 1 day, I received a list of people 12 who were asked by other countries to execute the death penalty, namely: Re-discussion, Wang Zailan, Zhuang, Zuo Duyingnian of Duchayuan, Shangshu of the Ministry of Justice, Yuxian County of Shaanxi Province, and Ritual Department.
Qi Xiu, the Minister of Justice Xu Chengyu, the university students, the official department ministers who co-sponsored the university students are resolute, the governor of Sichuan, but so do dungans prefect Dong Fuxiang. Except for Resolute, Xu Tong and Li Bingheng, all three of them are dead, but in Yihe, they "settled" in Lanzhou.
On the charges of beheading and imprisonment pending trial, if you think you should be saved, I will send you to Xinjiang and imprison you forever. "In addition to Dong Fuxiang's" Things are Delayed ",the others either committed suicide or were executed.
In April, the Qing court received a list of local officials demanded by the great powers to be severely punished, "involving as many as 142 people", most of which were based on "hearsay evidence". The Qing court announced it on April 29 and August 19 respectively.
In, 96 officials were punished: "4 people were sentenced to death, 1 1 people were sentenced to death, reduced to permanent exile, 13 people were exiled for life, 4 people were imprisoned for life, 2 people were imprisoned for a long time, 58 people were not used, 2 people were condemned and 2 people were pursued."
Take the official position. "After Cixi killed 120 ministers in one breath, it attracted worldwide attention.
In addition, France demanded compensation of more than 70 million. They all demanded a one-time payment of cash compensation. Countries such as Britain, the United States and Japan are afraid that excessive compensation pressure will weaken the purchasing power of the China market, thus damaging their own commercial interests. Therefore, they first need to know "How much can China pay?" Britain's attitude is based on Hurd's opinion. Hurd believes that "China has no reserves", so the compensation "cannot be paid in cash". China is a country that cannot make ends meet. "The total income is about 88 million, and the expenditure is said to be 1.0 1 100 million. Four points of income
One of them is used to pay interest on existing loans; As for the deficit or the difference between the required expenses and income, it is still a liability because there is no fund to pay it. He also believes that "the most appropriate payment method" is that "all governments should cooperate with each other"
Italy accepts the commitment of the government of China to pay in installments every year for several years. ".
Why are the British so brave? Because compensation depends on tax increase, as Hurd said, "If the tariff of China is raised to'100-50', then the compensation problem can be solved without increasing other taxes at all". In the end, these increased tariffs are paid by big countries, especially the nationals of Britain, the first country that trades with China. After a busy day, Li Hongzhang finally fell ill. On the way back to Xianliang Temple after meeting with the British and German envoys, he caught a cold and easily fell ill. This time Li Hongzhang was really ill, especially the negotiations with Russia almost exhausted his hard work. 1900, Eight-Nation Alliance sent troops to China, and the tsar of Russia invaded northeast China on a large scale in the name of suppressing the Boxer Rebellion. Tsar Nicholas II is the commander in chief and Kubatkin is the chief of staff. Mobilize 6.5438+0.7 million troops and various war materials, and March to the northeast in five ways. Under the massive invasion of the Russian Fifth Route Army, the Qing army in the northeast of China was in flight, and the Russian army occupied the whole northeast in only two months.
It took a year and a half from June 1900, when Russia occupied the three northeastern provinces, to April 1902, when China and Russia signed the outline of peace talks. During this year and a half, China and Russia held a series of extremely tortuous and complicated negotiations in St. Petersburg and Beijing. Because Russia insisted on occupying the three northeastern provinces and negotiating with the Qing court alone. Russian troops occupied Fengtian at 1900, 10 and 1, and then forced General Shengjing to sign chess, which obviously undermined the "independence" of the Great Qing Dynasty.
Sovereignty belongs to the central government of China ". After the contents of this charter were disclosed by our Beijing correspondent Mo, it aroused strong reactions and accusations from other big countries. Britain and Germany reached an agreement through urgent consultations.
An agreement in principle: First, countries are not allowed to carve up the territory of China; Second, the coastal areas of China are free and open to trade and economic activities of other countries. I feel that they don't have the strength to divide China, France and Japan.
Japan, the United States and other countries all echoed the suggestions of Britain and Germany. On the one hand, Russia publicly denies it and lies face to face; On the one hand, Yang Ru, the plenipotentiary of the Qing court, was forced to sign in order to create a fait accompli. After Yang Ru refused, Russia asked Li Hong
Zhang Ya: If China "listens to the slander of other countries and refuses to sign a treaty, the three northeastern provinces will always belong to Russia".
network diagram
Li Hongzhang has started coughing up blood. He vomited blood to a dangerous level. In his later years, Li Hongzhang has no energy to talk face to face with foreigners. Li Hongzhang was lying on his deathbed, commanding his men.
The official reduced the loss to the lowest point-from the original proposal of 6,543.8+0 billion taels of silver to 450 million taels, which will be paid off in 39 years with an annual interest rate of 4%; 450 million taels is for 450 million people in China.
The number, "one or two per capita, is regarded as an insult." Li Hongzhang accepted the insult. /kloc-in may, 2000, the powers issued a report, and the total amount of compensation demanded by various countries was "67.5 million pounds, about 452 million taels of silver". The final quotations of all countries far exceed their actual expenditures.
And losses. 1 1 May, Yi _ and Li Hongzhang "accepted 450 million yuan as a pair.
190 1 On September 7th, Li Hongzhang and Yi _, on behalf of the Qing court, and 1 1 representatives from various countries formally signed the Final Protocol of the Treaty on Solving the Problems in the Three Northeast Provinces, which is referred to as Time for short. Before and after the signing of the Outline of Peace Talks on September 7, 2008, Li Hongzhang had frequent contacts with Pozder Nieev, Russian ambassador and representative of Victor. 165438+1On October 7, Li Hongzhang died under the "coercion and inducement" of the Russians. "A little before.
Zhong, the Russian ambassador is still urging the signature. "Li died of illness. For Victor, the Russian Finance Minister who was in charge of the construction of the Russian Far East Railway at that time, it was quite a sense of killing rabbits and foxes. He "discovered at this time that everything needs to start from scratch, because with
Without Li Hongzhang and Xu Jingcheng, not only is there no pillar in our school, but no one seems to be able to deal with foreigners bravely in the highest organ of the central government. "Li Hongzhang, the etiquette of the Qing Dynasty, ran out of oil and left. This day is190111.7.