As can be seen from the literature, the Shang Dynasty established a relatively complete state institution, including various officials, standing armies (left, middle and right divisions), laws and regulations, criminal regulations and so on. The Shang Dynasty practiced the official system.
There were two kinds of official positions in Shang dynasty: Chinese and Korean official positions and foreign official positions. Among the internal officials, there are external court administrators and internal court administrators. The highest administrative officer is the "phase" who assists the Shang king in making decisions, also known as "A", "Bao" and "Yin".
When the Shang Dynasty implemented the tribute system, there was also the "helping farming" of labor rent, that is, farmers were asked to help cultivate the commons (native land), and all the harvest was obtained by the rulers, accounting for about one tenth of the farmers' harvest.
Yin collected taxes to enrich Lutai and the giant bridge. The political idea of Shang Dynasty is the political thought under the shadow of theocracy, and the rulers of Shang Dynasty "respect ghosts" and "respect gods". The highest political principle pursued is to govern the country according to the will of the gods and ghosts.
The extended information "official system" refers to the privilege of being an official for generations, and officials have hereditary official positions. The official system is an important political system for selecting officials and employing people in the pre-Qin period.
"Official", as the name implies, is a system in which nobles serve officials from generation to generation. As far as his appointment is concerned, an official is not equal to an official position, nor is it limited to a family holding a fixed official position from generation to generation. As far as its subject is concerned, clan is the basis of official position. As long as a noble family does not fail, its members may occupy important positions at any time.
From the root, the official system was the product of the Western Zhou Dynasty. At that time, people still maintained a strong blood relationship, and the crowd was basically divided by ethnic groups (especially the conquered ethnic groups and the conquered ethnic groups), and it was guaranteed by the patriarchal feudal system, thus naturally forming the clan leaders at all levels, that is, officials at all levels, the integration of family and country, and the isomorphism of family and country.
Baidu encyclopedia-Shang dynasty