Gu Xiancheng is the well-known Mr. Donglin. So which dynasty does Mr. Donglin, Gu Xiancheng, come from? Please see the details below! Which dynasty did Gu Xiancheng belong to?

Gu Xiancheng (1550～1612)

Leader of the Donglin Party in the late Ming Dynasty. When he was given the nickname Shushi, he was nicknamed Jingyang and was known as Mr. Jingyang. A native of Wuxi County (now part of Jiangsu) in the south of Zhili Province. Born into a merchant family. In the eighth year of Wanli (1580), he became a Jinshi. He was appointed as the head of the household department, and later changed to the head of the personnel department, and the head of the supplementary seal inspection.

For fifteen years, he was in power for sparse invasions. He was censured by the decree and was relegated to the position of judge in Guiyang Prefecture. Soon he was moved to the prefecture to promote himself as an official. Ding's mother was worried, so she took it away and promoted her to an official position in Quanzhou. Later, he was promoted to be in charge of merit examination in the Ministry of Personnel and Li Yuanwailang. In the twenty-first year (1593), Shangshu opposed the merger of the three kings. The following year, Wang Jiaping, a cabinet minister and former academician, disobeyed the emperor's will and was dismissed from his post as a citizen, returning to his home in Wuxi. Gu Xiancheng was determined to study since he was a child. He was demoted from the official position and took a lower position, so he devoted himself to research. He vigorously refutes Wang Shouren's theory that he has a body that is neither good nor disgusting, and wins the support of the local gentry. With the active assistance of local officials Ouyang Dongfeng and Lin Zai, in the 32nd year of Wanli, the Donglin Academy where Yang Shi of the Song Dynasty gave lectures in Wuxi was restored, and Gao Panlong, Qian Yiben, Yu Kongjian and others gave lectures and held meetings. It is stipulated that one meeting will be held every year and one meeting will be held every month. "In addition to lectures, he often satirized the government and judged people." At that time, people across the country who were attacked and excluded by the power of aristocrats and landowners and scholar-bureaucrats who were dissatisfied with the government heard about this, and the school building could not tolerate it. He also contacted Li Sancai and others to oppose the aristocratic and large landowner groups, thus gaining considerable support, which made Donglin famous. But at the same time, it was also attacked by a group of people who were attached to the powerful aristocracy. Forty years later, he died at home. At the beginning of the apocalypse, I gave it to Taichang Qing. After his death, the confrontation situation between the Donglin Party and the Eunuch Party in the late Ming Dynasty had formed, so the Eunuch Party followed suit and cut off the gifted officials. Chongzhen was rehabilitated at the beginning and was given as a gift to the right minister of the Ministry of Personnel. Gu Xiancheng and his younger brother Yuncheng both studied Cheng and Zhu's studies, but they focused on practical application. The posthumous writings are compiled into sixteen types of "Gu Duanwen Gong's Posthumous Notes", and Yun Cheng's "Xiao Bian Zhai Occurrence" is also included in it.

Gu Xiancheng, whose courtesy name was Shushi and whose name was Jingyang, was born in 1550 (the 29th year of Jiajing reign of Emperor Shizong of the Ming Dynasty) in Jingli, Wuxi, Jiangsu (now Zhangjing, Wuxi City) to a scholarly family.

Gu Xiancheng was extremely intelligent and had studied Confucius's teachings since he was a child. In 1576 (the fourth year of Wanli), Gu Xiancheng went to Yingtian (today's Nanjing, Jiangsu) to take the imperial examination and won the first place in the provincial examination.

In 1580 (the eighth year of Wanli), Gu Xiancheng went to Beijing to take part in the examination, and was admitted to the second place in the second class, and was awarded the status of Jinshi.

After Gu Xiancheng became a Jinshi, he became the head of the household department. At that time, the great scholar Zhang Juzheng fell ill, and the courtiers gathered to pray for him. Gu Xiancheng did not participate in the prayer. A colleague signed for him, so he took a pen to remove it. After Zhang Juzheng's death in 1582, Gu Xiancheng was appointed as the head of the Ministry of Personnel.

Later, Gu Xiancheng took a leave of absence and returned to his hometown for three years. After returning to the court, he became the chief officer of the seal verification.

In 1586 (the fourteenth year of Wanli), Gu Xiancheng's younger brother Gu Yuncheng also passed the Jinshi examination. In 1587 (the fifteenth year of Wanli), the Ming Dynasty assessed officials in the capital, and Xin Zixiu, the censor of the capital, was in charge of the assessment. He Qiming, Minister of the Ministry of Industry, corrected the mistakes in the assessment. Xin Zixiu was convicted of not having the intention of the ruling minister. During the incident, Chen and Jiao followed the decree to impeach He Qiming and Xin Zixiu. In fact, they attacked Xin Zixiu and protected He Qiming. So both of them were dismissed from office, and the four censors who reported He Qiming were blamed.

Gu Xiancheng complained about their injustice and went to court to defend himself. His words offended those in power. He was reprimanded by Emperor Shenzong of the Ming Dynasty and was demoted and released as a judge of Guiyang Prefecture. Later he was promoted to a state promotion official.

Gu Xiancheng resigned from office after his mother's death. After mourning, he was appointed as Quanzhou official. See the entry: The dispute over the foundation of the country. In 1593 (the 21st year of Wanli), when assessing the administration of officials, Gu Xiancheng was ranked first because of his fairness and integrity.

In the first month of 1593 (the twenty-first year of Wanli), Emperor Shenzong of the Ming Dynasty issued an edict to crown his eldest son Zhu Changluo and his other two sons Zhu Changxun and Zhu Changhao as kings at the same time, without specifying the successor to the throne so that Zhu Changxun could still be appointed. An opportunity for the prince. Many court officials, including brothers Gu Xiancheng and Gu Yuncheng, petitioned to prevent the issuance of the edict. Forced by public opinion, Shenzong withdrew the order of the three kings to be conferred together in the second month of the lunar calendar of the same year.

During the inspection by Beijing officials in 1593 (the 21st year of Wanli), Sun Xing, the Minister of Civil Affairs, and Zhao Nanxing, the imperial examination doctor, dismissed all those who had personal relationships with the ruling party. In fact, they were around Gu Xiancheng. When Zhao Nanxing was dismissed, Gu Xiancheng petitioned to be dismissed from office, but received no reply. Soon he was promoted to a doctor in the Literary Selection Department of the Ministry of Civil Affairs, in charge of matters such as promotion and transfer of officials. Gu Xiancheng was outspoken and dared to give advice. He and some upright officials often criticized the court's wrong decisions and had a high reputation among the scholar-bureaucrats.

Gu Xiancheng aroused Shenzong's resentment because he fought to make the emperor's eldest son Zhu Changluo the crown prince. In 1594 (the 22nd year of Wanli), Wang Xijue, the chief assistant, retired due to old age. Emperor Shenzong of the Ming Dynasty ordered the Ministry of Personnel to select six or seven officials who were qualified for the position of chief assistant based on their merits and waited for their appointment. Gu Xiancheng and Chen Younian, the Minister of Civil Affairs, jointly drafted a list of seven people and submitted them to Shenzong personally. Unexpectedly, the people nominated by Gu Xiancheng and the others were all hated by Shenzong. In particular, Wang Jiaping, a former bachelor nominated by Gu Xiancheng, violated Shenzong's will, thus angering Shenzong even more. Gu Xiancheng was stripped of his official status, dismissed from his post and sent home.

After Gu Xiancheng was removed from his official position, there were more than a hundred petitions from inside and outside the court recommending him, but Shenzong did not approve them. See entry: Donglin Academy Gu Xiancheng returned to his hometown and decided to engage in lecturing activities and at the same time promote his political ideas. It happened that there was Donglin Academy in Wuxi where Song Dynasty scholar Yang Shi had lectured. He and his brother Gu Yuncheng initiated the repair of it. The repair of the academy received funding and support from many local people and even the magistrate of Changzhou and Wuxi. The academy was restored in 1604 (the 32nd year of Wanli). In October of the same year, Gu Xiancheng, together with Gu Yuncheng, Gao Panlong, An Xifan, Liu Yuanzhen, Qian Yiben, Xue Fujiao, Ye Maocai (then known as the Eight Gentlemen of Donglin), initiated the Donglin Conference and formulated the "Donglin Treaty" , stipulates that general meetings should be held once or twice a year and small meetings once a month.

Donglin Academy not only lectures but also discusses politics, attracting many people with lofty ideals, including some officials who were reprimanded for criticizing the government. Regardless of the distance, they came in droves. Their number was so large that even the dormitory of Donglin Academy could not accommodate them.

Gu Xiancheng once said: "When you are an official in the court, your ambition is not the emperor. When you are an official in the border area, your ambition is not the people's livelihood. When you live by the waterside and in the woods, your ambition is not the world. Gentlemen don't do this." After giving lectures, he often discussed government affairs and commented on people. People in the imperial court admired his style and often echoed him from afar. As a result, Donglin became famous and was hated by many people. Thus they were called the "Donglin Party" by their opponents.

In 1608 (the thirty-sixth year of Wanli), many Eastern officials recommended Gu Xiancheng to be re-appointed. Gu Xiancheng was officially appointed as the Shaoqing of Guanglu Temple in Nanjing, but Gu Xiancheng refused to accept the appointment and continued to stay in his hometown to engage in lectures and political affairs. In 1611 (the thirty-ninth year of Wanli), Li Sancai, the governor of Huainan who was a Donglin Party member, was impeached. Gu Xiancheng sent a letter to Ye Xianggao and Sun Piyang to restore Li Sancai's reputation. Wu Liang, the censor, engraved it in the court newspaper, and those who attacked Li Sancai started talking after seeing it.

So Xu Zhaokui attacked Gu Xiancheng in the memorial and slandered him wantonly. Claim: There is a small river in Hushu, and the Donglin Party uses its tax revenue to pay for the academy. When the tax envoy came to inspect, Donglin invited the tax envoy with a document. Even if the tax envoy did not accept the invitation, he would definitely give him a generous reward. When the lecture came, there were a lot of servants, and the county magistrate ordered the library to be provided. He could not do it without two hundred gold. When they arrive, they must talk about current affairs at gatherings. If the county and the city accidentally disagree with them on things, they must make the county and city correct themselves; accept bribes.

None of Xu Zhaokui’s words has been confirmed. Wu Jiong, the prime minister of Guanglu, defended Gu Xiancheng and said: "Gu Xiancheng went too far when he sent a letter to save Li Sancai. I once blamed him, and Gu Xiancheng also regretted it.

Now that Gu Xiancheng has been falsely accused, the world will use this as a punishment for lecturing. If he keeps silent about the teachings of Confucius and Mencius, the country's righteousness will be depleted from now on. This is no small matter! "After the memorial was submitted, Emperor Shenzong of the Ming Dynasty did not reply. After that, people attacked Gu Xiancheng. Gu Xiancheng died in his hometown in 1612 (the 40th year of Wanli). He left behind his works "Notes from Xiaozhai", "Manuscripts from Jinggao Collection", " "Gu Duanwen Gong's Posthumous Letter" and so on.

In the early years of Tianqi, Emperor Xizong of the Ming Dynasty presented Gu Xiancheng to Taichang Qing. Because the Donglin Party members opened up their voices to criticize the government, Wei Zhongxian, the authoritarian eunuch of Emperor Xizong, opened a compilation library. He revised the "Three Dynasties Essential Code" to attack the Donglin Party, and at the same time compiled the "Donglin Point General Record" and other documents and submitted them to the court. In 1625 (the fifth year of Tianqi), Emperor Xizong of the Ming Dynasty issued an edict to burn down academies across the country and remove Gu Xiancheng's title.

In 1629 (the second year of Chongzhen), Emperor Chongzhen ordered the restoration of the reputation of Donglin Party members and the restoration of Donglin Academy. p>

Gu Xiancheng's famous sayings

1. Reading Confucius is happiness, and living in Yanxiang is not poverty-stricken.

2. The sound of wind, rain, reading, and sound. Category: Truth

3. The sound of wind, rain, reading, and sounds are heard; Family affairs, national affairs, world affairs, and everything are concerned. Category: Ideal

4. In life, it is determined that you will be poor and weak, even if you are destined to fall to the ground, how can you increase your losses and gain some money?

5. If you are noble, you can seek it, and if you are rich, you can Strive, and those who don’t ask will have no share, and nature is also hot and cool.

6. When you are a chariot boss, your ambition is not to be a gentleman; when you are an official, you are not interested in people’s livelihood; when you live by the water and under the forest, your ambition is not to be in the world. ; A gentleman has no choice.

7. The sound of wind, rain, and reading are heard; family affairs, state affairs, world affairs, and everything are concerned.

8. The sound of wind and rain. The sound of reading is heard; family affairs, national affairs, world affairs, everything is concerned about. Category: Reading

9. Those who are young and imitate the past, the years have been wasted and there is still something to do. Longevity is my heart.

10. How can a man with a body of seven feet stand tall on the sky and ask for a word from a human being?

11. If you can recognize it, you will save a lot of trouble. , How much leisure energy is saved, how much leisure sorrow and joy are saved; it is a life that is really useful.

12. Even if there is a part in the world, you will not let it go.

13. The sound of wind and rain, the sound of reading, is heard; family affairs, state affairs, and world affairs are all concerned. Category: Reading

14. You should listen to the right and wrong of the world.