1. General
As a part of the measurement management system, the measurement process should be planned, confirmed, implemented, recorded and controlled. The influence quantity that affects the measurement process should be identified and considered.
The complete specification of each measurement process should include all relevant equipment identification, measurement procedures, measurement software, use conditions, operator's ability and other factors that affect the reliability of measurement results. The measurement process control shall be carried out according to documented procedures.
2. Design of measurement process
Measurement requirements shall be determined according to the requirements of customers, organizations and laws and regulations. The measurement process designed to meet these requirements shall be documented and its effectiveness shall be confirmed, and the customer's consent shall be obtained if necessary.
For each measurement process, relevant process elements and controls should be determined. The selection of elements and control limits should be commensurate with the risks caused by non-compliance with the specified requirements. These process elements and controls should include the influence of operators, equipment, environmental conditions, influence quantities and application methods.
The design of measurement process should be able to prevent wrong measurement results, and ensure that existing problems can be found quickly and corrective measures can be taken in time.
The performance characteristics required for the intended use of the measurement process shall be determined and quantified.
3. Realization of measurement process
The measurement process should be realized under the designed controlled conditions to meet the measurement requirements.
The controlled conditions shall include:
(1) Use the confirmed equipment;
(2) Application of validated measurement procedures;
(3) The required information resources can be obtained;
(4) Maintain the required environmental conditions;
(5) Use competent personnel;
(6) When and how to report the results;
(7) Monitoring according to regulations.
4. Record of measurement process
The measurement function shall keep records to prove that the measurement process meets the requirements, and the records shall include:
(1) A complete description of the measurement process, including all elements used (such as operators, measuring equipment or verification standards) and relevant operating conditions;
(2) Relevant data obtained by measurement process control, including information of measurement uncertainty;
(3) Measures taken according to the results of measurement process control data;
(4) the date of each measurement process control activity;
(5) Identification of relevant verification documents;
(6) Determine the personnel responsible for providing the recorded information;
(7) Personnel capacity (requirements and actual possession). (forwarding)
What elements does a complete measurement process include? A complete measurement process includes four elements, namely, measurement object, measurement unit, measurement method and measurement accuracy.
1. The object of measurement is the object of measurement: it mainly refers to geometric quantities, including length, area, shape, elevation, angle, surface roughness and form and position error. Because geometric quantities have various types and shapes, it is necessary to study and be familiar with their characteristics, definitions and standards of measured parameters when measuring.
2. Unit of measurement:1On May 27th, 977, the State Council issued the Regulations on Measurement Management in People's Republic of China (PRC) (for Trial Implementation). Article 3 reiterated that "China's basic measurement system is the metric system, and the international system of units is gradually adopted." 1984 On February 27th, the legal units of measurement in People's Republic of China (PRC) were officially announced, and the metric system was determined as the basic measurement system in China. In length measurement, the unit is meter (m), and other commonly used units are millimeter (mm) and micron (micron). In angle measurement, the units are degrees, minutes and seconds.
3. Measurement method: refers to a set of operation logic sequences described by classes used in measurement. The measurement of geometric quantity is based on the characteristics of measured parameters, such as tolerance value, size, weight, material, quantity and so on. And analyze the relationship between this parameter and other parameters, and finally determine how to measure this parameter.
4. Measurement accuracy: refers to the degree of consistency between the measurement results and the true values. Because any measurement process will inevitably produce measurement errors, large errors indicate that the measurement results are far from the real values and the accuracy is low. Therefore, accuracy and error are two relative concepts. Due to the measurement error, any measurement result is expressed as an approximation.
The four factors included in the complete measurement process are divided into the following parts:
1. General
As a part of the measurement management system, the measurement process should be planned, confirmed, implemented, recorded and controlled. The influence quantity that affects the measurement process should be identified and considered.
The complete specification of each measurement process should include all relevant equipment identification, measurement procedures, measurement software, use conditions, operator's ability and other factors that affect the reliability of measurement results. The measurement process control shall be carried out according to documented procedures.
2. Design of measurement process
Measurement requirements shall be determined according to the requirements of customers, organizations and laws and regulations. The measurement process designed to meet these requirements shall be documented and its effectiveness shall be confirmed, and the customer's consent shall be obtained if necessary.
For each measurement process, relevant process elements and controls should be determined. The selection of elements and control limits should be commensurate with the risks caused by non-compliance with the specified requirements. These process elements and controls should include the influence of operators, equipment, environmental conditions, influence quantities and application methods.
The design of measurement process should be able to prevent wrong measurement results, and ensure that existing problems can be found quickly and corrective measures can be taken in time.
The performance characteristics required for the intended use of the measurement process shall be determined and quantified.
3. Realization of measurement process
The measurement process should be realized under the designed controlled conditions to meet the measurement requirements.
The controlled conditions shall include:
(1) Use the confirmed equipment;
(2) Application of validated measurement procedures;
(3) The required information resources can be obtained;
(4) Maintain the required environmental conditions;
(5) Use competent personnel;
(6) When and how to report the results;
(7) Monitoring according to regulations.
4. Record of measurement process
The measurement function shall keep records to prove that the measurement process meets the requirements, and the records shall include:
(1) A complete description of the measurement process, including all elements used (such as operators, measuring equipment or verification standards) and relevant operating conditions;
(2) Relevant data obtained by measurement process control, including information of measurement uncertainty;
(3) Measures taken according to the results of measurement process control data;
(4) the date of each measurement process control activity;
(5) Identification of relevant verification documents;
(6) Determine the personnel responsible for providing the recorded information;
(7) Personnel capacity (requirements and actual possession).
What stages does a complete flotation process include? Simply put, the pulp is stirred by the impeller of the flotation machine, and the blower is inflated at the same time, forming a large number of bubbles. Under the action of foaming agent, bubbles are stable and have tension. At the same time, according to the different hydrophilicity of minerals, bubbles attach to the foaming surface to form mineralized bubbles. When mineralized bubbles float on the mud surface to form a foam layer, they are scraped off by a scraper to form concentrate. This is the process of flotation.
The complete listening process includes interpretation: listening carefully (mostly used from top to bottom)-Modern Chinese Dictionary, Fifth Edition
Listening is the whole process of receiving speech information by means of auditory organs, and then achieving cognition and understanding through thinking activities.
Synonym: listening
The main points of listening
1. Overcome egocentricity: Don't always talk about yourself.
2. overcome self-righteousness: don't always want to be dominant.
3. Respect the other person: Don't interrupt the conversation and let the other person finish. Never interrupt others by delving into unimportant or irrelevant details.
4. Don't get excited: Don't rush to conclusions, don't rush to evaluate each other's views, don't rush to express suggestions, and don't have a heated argument because you disagree with each other. Listen carefully to what the other person says, and don't concentrate on how to refute a specific little point that the other person says.
Try not to listen and think about what he is going to say next.
6. Ask yourself if you are biased or prejudiced. They can easily affect your listening to others.
7. Don't let your mind jump faster than the speaker, and don't try to understand what the other person hasn't said yet.
8. Pay attention to some details: don't know what you shouldn't know, don't make small moves, don't be distracted, and don't mind the characteristics of others' speech.
Learn to listen
1. Be aware of each other's feelings. A person's feelings often guide his behavior more than his thoughts. The less he pays attention to the true face of people's feelings, the less he will communicate with each other. Observing feelings is to repeat the feelings behind the other person's words, indicating acceptance and understanding of his feelings, which sometimes produces quite good results.
2. Pay attention to feedback. Pay attention to information feedback when listening to others, and check whether you know each other in time. You might as well say, "I don't know if I understand you, but what you mean is …" Once you have confirmed your understanding of him, you should start giving positive and practical help and suggestions.
3. Grasp the main idea and don't be attracted by individual details. People who are good at listening always pay attention to analyzing what is primary and what is secondary, so as to grasp the main meaning behind the facts and avoid misunderstanding.
4. Care, understand, accept each other, encourage him or help him find a way to solve the problem.
What steps does a complete adsorption process include? The extraction system consists of solvent and solubility separation unit, and two formulations are extracted by similar mutual solubility principle: the selected solvent is separated from the liquid mixture in liquid-liquid extraction, and a certain group of solvents must be mutually soluble with the extraction mixture with selective solubility, and must be thermally stable, stable and toxic. Distilling olefins from petroleum with organic solvent; Extracting water Br2 with carbon tetrachloride. Solid-liquid extraction is called solvent separation, which is used to leach beet sugar from solid mixture with water. Soak soybean oil with alcohol to improve oil yield; The liquid extract extracted by water and drug leaching is called percolation or leaching. Although the extraction has changed the extracted substance (or chemical reaction) through the operation process of utilization test, the physical process of extraction is mechanized. The laboratory uses the means of purifying compounds to extract the required compounds through solid or liquid mixtures. The introduction of liquid-liquid extraction is based on the solubility or matching coefficient of two mutually soluble (or slightly soluble) solvents of compounds, which is the same as the transfer of another solvent in composite solvents and the extraction matching of repeated extraction of most compounds. The theory of law extraction is mainly based on the fact that a substance has the same solubility as a solvent, and a soluble substance can be dissolved in two mutually soluble solvents by adding it. Experiments show that at a certain temperature, the compound reacts with two solvents by pyrolysis, electrolysis, association and solvation, and the ratio of the two liquid layers is fixed. Theoretically speaking, the mass of the added substance is small, which is a physical change, and CA/ CB=KCA is expressed by the formula. CB represents the dose concentration of two miscible compounds. K number is used to measure the matching coefficient. Organic compounds have higher solubility than water. A typical example of extracting a compound dissolved in water is extraction with an organic solvent. If a certain amount of electrolyte (sodium chloride) is added to the aqueous solution, the solubility of the aqueous solution of organic extraction solvent will be reduced due to salting-out effect, and the extraction efficiency will be improved. In order to completely extract the required compound solution, it is necessary to repeat the extraction times. The residual amount of the extracted compound is calculated by using the matching rule relationship. Set: V original solution volume w0 Total amount of compounds before extraction w 1 residual amount of extracted compounds w2 Extraction of residual amount of two compounds w3 Extraction of residual amount of n compounds s Extraction of residual amount of extracted solution w1/v; The concentration of the compound in the extraction solvent (w0-w1)/s; The ratio of them is equal to k, that is, w1/v = kw1= w0kv (w0-w1)/skv+S. Similarly, after binary extraction, w2/V=K, that is, (w1-w2)/sw2. It should be noted that the surface formula is suitable for almost water-soluble solvents, such as benzene tetrachloride and a small amount of water-soluble solvents, ether and so on. Approximate qualitative formula refers to the expected junction extraction: aqueous two-phase extraction aqueous two-phase extraction technology (ATPS) refers to the aqueous two-phase of a conditional hydrophilic polymer solution. Due to the compatibility of the separated substances, the aqueous two-phase extraction technology is widely used in the separation of products in the fields of physical and chemical cell substances, chemical industry and the like, and the equipment investment is low and the operation is simple. The aqueous two-phase system of polyethylene glycol-glucose polyethylene glycol-organic salt is essential, because the water-soluble polymer is difficult to volatilize, and the salt enters the stripping agent, which will affect the analysis and determination. In addition, the viscosity of water-soluble polymers is high, and it is easy to operate quantitatively, which brings trouble to further research. Low toxicity! It is more volatile and requires back extraction to avoid the use of viscous water-soluble polymers. Secondly, the washing liquid of organic solvent extraction is dissolved in water, and impurities are separated from the purifier. Organic solvent extraction says that the extraction is the aqueous phase of organic solvent. The solid phase (or it is dissolved in the solvent phase) is dissolved in the solvent. See the content of Afeastforeye for the theoretical part of the extraction experiment. The extracted organic phase (containing the required compounds) should be washed with water or saturated salt to improve the purity of the organic phase. They all need liquid funnels. The operating procedures are basically the same. It is necessary to determine which layer (phase) needs to be retained. Supercritical fluid is used in supercritical extraction. Supercritical fluid is between gas and liquid. Matter is neither gaseous nor liquid, and it can exist only when its temperature and pressure exceed the critical point. The density of supercritical fluid is close to that of liquid, and the viscosity is closer to that of gas supercritical fluid. The solvent strength of supercritical fluid with ideal extractant depends on extraction temperature and pressure, and the characteristics of species need to be changed. The product of extractant fluid pressure and temperature in the same group should be extracted first according to fluid solubility, and weakly polar substances should be extracted first with the increase of pressure. Adding polar substances to compete with the basic properties, pressurizing for supercritical extraction, and cooperating with the extraction group. The temperature change reflects the influence on extractant density and solute vapor pressure. When the temperature in the low temperature zone (still critical temperature) increases, the fluid density decreases, the vapor pressure of solute increases, the solvent solubility of extractant increases, and the extractant precipitation temperature of solute fluid increases. Although the density of extractant increases, the vapor pressure of solute increases, the volatility increases and the extraction rate decreases. In addition to pressure and temperature, supercritical fluid decreases. The mechanism of changing the solubility of solute by adding a small amount of solvent has not been fully understood so far. When the amount of solvent is more than 10% and polar solvents such as methanol, isopropanol and a small amount of polar solvents are added, the application scope of supercritical extraction technology is improved and polar compounds are expanded. Brief introduction of supercritical fluid extraction process: put the extraction raw materials into the extraction kettle, condense the carbon dioxide gas through the heat exchanger, and use the booster pump to increase the pressure required for the process (which should be higher than the critical pressure of carbon dioxide). At the same time, the temperature is adjusted, so that the supercritical carbon dioxide fluid carbon dioxide fluid enters the bottom of the extraction kettle as a solvent to contact with the extracted materials, and the high-pressure carbon dioxide fluid containing the dissolved extract is selectively dissolved, depressurized to below the critical pressure of carbon dioxide through a throttle valve, and enters a separation kettle (called a desorption kettle). Because the solubility of carbon dioxide drops sharply in China, the solute is separated from the solute, and the second part of carbon dioxide gas leaves the bottom of the pot regularly. The carbon dioxide gas is condensed by the heat exchanger, and the carbon dioxide liquid is recycled. The whole separation process uses the supercritical state of carbon dioxide fluid to specifically increase the solubility of organic matter below the critical state and the basic solubility characteristics of organic matter below the critical state. The carbon dioxide fluid destroys the circulation efficiency between the extraction kettle and the extraction group. A new extraction technology of liquid membrane extraction: water is continuously dispersed, surfactant is mechanically coated in the water phase, and some droplets are extracted into the inner water phase of droplets by the outer organic phase. Because the droplet diameter is several microns faster than the extraction group on the surface, the liquid film is transferred into the internal water phase to transfer mass and thrust, and the mass transfer is limited by the equilibrium concentration of the external water phase and the surface organic phase, so the extraction efficiency is high. Technical difficulties: demulsification At present, the demulsification effects of high-voltage electrostatic field are metal separation, product separation and sewage treatment. V. Important application of solid-phase extraction Solid-phase extraction chromatography makes the constant-volume sample solution eluted with strong elution solvent adsorption groups, and the sample groups are concentrated by solid-phase extraction, which initially eliminates the interference of interest groups and improves the sensitivity of analysis. Solid phase extraction is only used for the pretreatment of chromatographic products, and is used for the pretreatment of various products such as infrared spectroscopy, mass spectrometry, nuclear magnetic resonance and ultraviolet absorption. C 18 solid phase extraction column has hydrophobic effect, nonpolar group adsorption effect, water-core aromatic hydrocarbon extraction, concentrated product effect, polarity of solid phase extraction column type, ion exchange and so on. Liquid-solid extraction (1 liquid-solid extraction LSE) Compared with the sample matrix, rapid liquid-liquid extraction simplifies the enrichment of trace products. There are some problems in self-supporting liquid-liquid extraction: high labor intensity; Encounter practical problems such as emulsification; Some solvents tend to consume high-purity solvents, which are often harmful to the health of operators and the environment; The extra cost of liquid-solid extraction is cheap and economical, and the solvent consumption treatment steps are simple. In the liquid-solid extraction step, it is easy to use a special flow unit group to combine the extracted products from the channels to prepare suitable products. Or adopt liquid-solid extraction and batch processing by centrifugal analyzer to achieve the purpose of increasing product throughput and reducing labor cost, so that needed products can be sent to the laboratory for processing and the problems of product transportation and storage can be reduced. These two technologies are considered to be complementary.
What are the complete digital signature processes, including signature process and verification signature process?
Implementation process of signature:
Input: original text, private key
Output: signature value
1, original * * * hash
2. Encrypt the hash with the private key, and the result is the signature value.
Implementation process of verifying signature:
Input: signature value, original text and public key.
Output: Verify whether it passed or not.
1, original hash 1.
2. Decrypt the signature value with the public key to obtain HASH2.
3. Compare the HASH 1 in step1with HASH2 in step 2. If the two hashes are the same, they pass the verification; otherwise, they fail the verification.
What does a complete measurement process include? For measurement, what company can do R&D design well? A complete measurement process includes four elements: measuring object, measuring method (including measuring instrument) and measuring accuracy. In the detection of mechanical accuracy, the measured objects are mainly parameters related to geometric accuracy, and their basic objects are length and scale; The unit of measurement is a specific quantity agreed to be adopted by expressing the size of the same quantity with quantitative values; The measurement method is based on a certain measurement principle, its application and its practical operation in measurement implementation; Measurement accuracy is the degree of consistency between measurement results and true values.
What are the main signaling processes in a complete voice communication process? Simply put, it is 1. Analog system: main signal-to-noise ratio and linearity. Mainly through low noise transmission and high linear amplification technology. 2. Digital system: mainly error rate. Mainly by reducing transmission distortion, overshoot and trap. Reduce transmission multipath delay. And code modulation. 0
Primary school science answer: 4. A complete inquiry process includes: () to () to (ask questions.
Conjecture hypothesis
draw up a plan
Experimental operation
gather data
Explain the conclusion
Reflective evaluation
Fast communication