1, aiming at developing production, enriching Qiang Bing and saving the political crisis in Song Dynasty, focusing on "financial management" and "army consolidation", involves politics, economy, military, society, culture and other aspects. It is another huge social reform movement in the ancient history of China after Shang Yang's political reform.
2. To a certain extent, the political reform changed the situation of poverty and weakness in the Northern Song Dynasty, enriched the government's finances, improved the national defense strength, and also cracked down and restricted the illegal profits of the feudal landlord class and big businessmen.
However, in the process of carrying out the reform, due to untimely measures and improper operation in actual implementation, the people's interests have also been damaged to varying degrees (such as the Law on Protecting Horses and the Law on Young Crops), and the new law touches the fundamental interests of the big landlords, so it has been strongly opposed by them. The eighth year of Yuanfeng (1085) ended with the death of Song Shenzong.
Extended data:
Since the Southern Song Dynasty, scholars generally believe that "Wang Anshi's Reform" (including "Xifeng Reform") failed. In my opinion, Wang Anshi's political reform did fail at that time, but it made great achievements in some fields and historical periods and had a far-reaching historical impact.
As far as water conservancy construction, the lifeblood of agriculture, is concerned, it is indeed a failure to control the breach and diversion of the Yellow River. However, through the Farmland Water Conservancy Law, an unprecedented upsurge of water conservancy construction has been set off in the whole country. In the past six or seven years, more than 65,438+/kloc-0,000,000 water conservancy fields have been repaired or built, which is a great achievement and success that has never been seen in hundreds of years.
On the basis of trying our best to increase revenue and reduce expenditure, the government's fiscal revenue has increased greatly, and the official treasury is abundant, which has reversed the dilemma of making ends meet. Under this favorable condition, continue to vigorously build schools and develop education; A huge amount of weapons and equipment were manufactured, the combat effectiveness of the army was improved, and strategic attacks and local attacks began to be planned.
Judging from the lofty ideals and goals of avoiding national subjugation, restoring the old frontier of Han and Tang Dynasties and reshaping society, Wang Anshi's political reform did fail, and it was a fiasco. In this regard, both Wang Anshi and Song Shenzong have unshirkable responsibilities. Their main mistake is that they did not fundamentally and scientifically solve the problems of selecting the emperor's successor and the prime minister's ruling team and the operation and supervision of power.
So, after Song Shenzong's death, the anti-reformists, led by Empress Dowager Cao and Prime Minister Sima Guang, came to power, easily abolished many new laws, denounced and persecuted the reformers, and opened the increasingly fierce "party struggle" revenge box in the late Northern Song Dynasty ... The new laws themselves did have defects, and new problems appeared after a period of implementation, so we should earnestly identify them realistically and correct them in time.
Although Cao, Sima Guang and other conservatives were not evil people, they subjectively hoped that the Song Dynasty would be stable and prosperous, but their perverse actions led to financial deterioration, aroused serious internal retaliation and caused bad influence. What is more serious and extremely regrettable is that the inherent defects of Wang Anshi's new law have not been perfected, but have been destroyed, making the ancient and great Chinese nation lose the period of strategic opportunities.
It turned out that as Mr. Chen Yinque pointed out: "The culture of the Chinese nation has evolved for thousands of years and reached its peak in the Zhao and Song Dynasties." During the Tang and Song Dynasties, some unprecedented major changes have taken place in China society, and it is possible to create more glories and achieve an epoch-making leap.
More than 300 years after the death of Wang Anshi and Song Shenzong, Europe at the western end of the Eurasian continent began to rise strongly. Their revolutionary technologies, such as gunpowder, compass, printing and porcelain making, all came from the Song Dynasty.
People's Network-Jiang: Gains and Losses of "Wang Anshi's Political Reform"