Tupak Amaru, whose original name is jose gabriel Jose Gabriel Con-dorcanqui, was born in Indian Kaasik (chief) in Surimana village, Tinta province. He is the sixth generation descendant of Tupac Amaru I, the last Inca king killed by Spanish colonists in 157 1. At the age of 65,438+00, he entered the Jesuit School of San Francisco de Haber in Cuzco, and his Minhui talent and studious spirit were praised by teachers. At school, he studied Latin and Spanish and read widely. Among them, Garsi Laso Dehrawi Jia (1540- 16 16) had a great influence on him. The praise of the Inca society based on public ownership of land in the book aroused his great yearning for the Inca homeland.
After graduation, he returned to his hometown. At the age of 26, he inherited Surimana Pambarka and Kaasik from Tunga Suka village. He loves his people and deeply sympathizes with their tragic experiences. Within the scope of his functions and powers, he tried his best to reduce the burden on the people, often giving alms to the lonely old people and paying tribute on behalf of the poor villagers, thus winning the love and support of the people. The colonial authorities suspected him of rebellion and once dismissed him from his post in Kaasik. Arriaga, governor of Tinta Province, called him an "Indian liar". Tupac Amaru suffered from colonial rule, so he was full of hatred for the tyranny and cruelty of Spain.
Spanish King Carlos III (1759- 1788) was once called an enlightened monarch because of some reforms. Tupac Amaru once had an illusion about the king, thinking that as long as the king understood the sufferings of the Indians, his situation would be improved. To this end, Tupac Amaru went to Lima on 1770 to state the misfortune of the Indians to the colonial authorities and plead for his compatriots. The colonial authorities turned a deaf ear to his appeal. Tupac Amaru angrily returned to his hometown, abandoned the original name of jose gabriel Jose Gabriel Con-dorcanqui, and officially adopted the name of his ancestor Tupac Amaru I, calling himself Tupac Amaru II (known as Tupac Amaru II in history), indicating his determination to follow his ancestors' example and prepare to fight for the restoration of Indian rights and interests.
1777, Tupac Amaru went to Lima again and submitted a petition to the colonial authorities, pleading with the Spanish king to abolish the "Mida system" and get rid of the drawbacks of * * *. At the same time of petitioning, he used various opportunities in Lima to tell officials, missionaries and businessmen about the sufferings of Indians in order to win their sympathy and support for Indians. During Tupac Amaru's stay in Lima, it was an active period for Peruvian white intellectuals to spread French enlightenment thoughts. Therefore, Tupac Amaru has access to the works of enlightenment thinkers. By listening to philosophical debates at the University of San Marcos and contacting some indigenous whites, he clearly felt that indigenous whites were also dissatisfied with Spanish colonial rule. Under the influence of American War of Independence, the tendency of independence is growing day by day. Tupac Amaru began to realize that the interests of indigenous whites and Indians were the same in opposing Spanish colonial rule. This is a major turning point in the development of his thought.
Tupac Amaru's petition was severely condemned by the colonial authorities. They ordered him to return to Kaasik district immediately. This made Tupac Amaru finally realize that the hope of the colonial authorities could not change the situation of the Indians, and made up his mind to overthrow the Spanish colonial rule by violent means. Before returning to his hometown, he confided his uprising plan to some indigenous white friends and got their encouragement and support. Miguel Monteiel, a businessman from Lima, also gave him 8000 pesos. Tupac Amaru sincerely believes in the commitment of these indigenous whites and regards the concepts of Indians, blacks, mixed-race and indigenous whites as an important strategy for his future struggle. So he returned to Tinta to prepare for the uprising.
1776, Jose Antonio de Arreche was appointed as the inspector general of Peru by Spain. In order to increase the income of the royal family of the suzerain country, he immediately increased his tax contribution as soon as he took office. From 1778 to 1779, the tax revenue increased from 4 million pesos to more than 5.8 million pesos. This expropriation caused dissatisfaction among all sectors of Peruvian society. At that time, Peru was divided into 50 provinces, among which 14 province was rioted and the overseers of three provinces were killed. From 1777 to 1780, there were more than a dozen Indian uprisings in Peru. Peruvian society is in deep turmoil. Tupac Amaru decided to take advantage of this favorable situation to launch an uprising.
1780165438+1On the night of October 4th, Tupac Amaru designed and captured arriaga, the governor of Tinta province. 10, called a mass meeting in Tongjiasuka village, executed arriaga on the spot, and officially declared the uprising. He called on Indians, blacks, hybrids and indigenous whites to unite and fight side by side to eliminate the "Spanish". At this conference, Tupac Amaru also solemnly announced the abolition of the rice grain system, the tax-sharing system (1) and various exorbitant taxes and levies, and severely punished provincial governors. His revolutionary measures reflected the wishes and demands of the oppressed people, so they warmly supported him. Many Indians took an active part in the uprising In order to expand its influence, Tupac Amaru also sent messengers to other provinces to announce the news of the uprising.
165438+1October 12. The colonial ruler of Cuzco was shocked to learn that Tupac Amaru had launched an uprising in the Tinta, and hurriedly sent 1500 colonial troops to suppress it. But in the town of San Gallahera, the uprising soldiers led by Tupac Amaru were defeated. The rebels are gaining momentum. In order to expand the ranks of the rebels and give the white people born in Cuzco a chance to prepare for the uprising, Tupac Amaru led his army south and advanced to the Peruvian plateau and Lake Titicaca. The army crossed Laraya, entered Lampa, and pointed to Azangaro.
During the uprising, Tupac Amaru put forward the slogan of "Down with the Bad * * *" and issued a decree to liberate slaves. Wherever the rebels went, thousands of Indian miners were liberated from the shackles of the Midian system. They took an active part in the rebels. Insurgents destroyed textile factories, released Indian craftsmen like prisoners, and evil owners and foremen were killed or burned by angry Indians. The gate of the prison was smashed open and the imprisoned working people were saved. Indians eager for land rushed into the manor, killed their owners and seized land and livestock. Officials were ruthlessly punished, all kinds of exorbitant taxes and miscellaneous fees were abolished, and the king's coffers in various provinces were seized and confiscated.
At the same time, Tupac Amaru established his own decision-making body-a five-member cabinet to lead the uprising. He also appointed outstanding Indians as judges and governors to manage local administrative affairs. In some areas, the new tax system has been implemented. Tupac Amaru already has a set of institutions with preliminary functions; Of Peru's 50 provinces, 24 are under control, and the number of rebels has increased to 90,000.
The Uprising of Tupac Amaru shocked the Spanish colonial authorities. Archbishop Moscoso of Cusco declared that the colony was facing the greatest danger since the conquest. Therefore, the colonial rulers regarded Tupac Amaru as the most dangerous enemy. They mobilized the powerful force of17,000 people and launched a pincer attack from the rebels in Malaysia and Buenos Aires in two ways. The Catholic Church also announced the excommunication of Tupac Amaruge. In order to break up the rebels, José Debel, governor of La Plata province, offered a reward to buy the traitor: a reward of 1000 pesos to hand over Tupac Amaru's head; If you can capture the rebel leader alive, you will get a reward of 20 thousand pesos.
At the end of February, Tupac Amaru led 60,000 troops to besiege the ancient Inca capital city of cuzco. Because the uprising not only hit the colonial regime and local officials, but also touched the interests of some indigenous white landlords and Indian elites, the indigenous white people in Cuzco and the Indian elites in the suburbs took refuge in the colonial authorities and turned against the insurgents. In this case, the insurgents forcibly captured Cusco, which will inevitably cause great losses to the effective forces; Even if the city was captured, it was in danger of being surrounded by colonial troops, so Tupac Amaru decided decisively to evacuate the city at night on 178 1+0+ 1 and made a strategic shift to the south.
In order to eliminate the uprising, Chief Inspector De Arreche and Marshal Valle led the colonial army to pursue the insurgents closely. At that time, the Andes was covered with snow and ice, and the mountain road was difficult to walk. The colonial army was extremely unsuitable for the plateau climate, and fuel, food and cold-proof equipment were seriously inadequate. Tupac Amaru took advantage of this favorable opportunity to lure the enemy deeper and constantly attacked him with surprise attacks and large-scale annihilation tactics. The colonial army's morale was low, and it was all grass and trees. On March 2 1, Tupac Amaru led 10,000 uprising soldiers to set an ambush in the valley where the enemy must pass, preparing to annihilate the enemy. But the plan was leaked by the traitor. This not only made the colonial army escape the fate of encirclement and suppression; It also exposed the main force of the insurgents. On April 6, the insurgents lost in the battle of Chekakupu. Tupac Amaru broke through and moved to the south. On the way, he was betrayed by traitors and fell into the hands of the enemy.
In court, Tupac Amaru was upright. When Inspector General De Arreche repeatedly forced Tupac Amaru to confess his "accomplice" in Cuzco, he replied: "There are only two accomplices, you and me. You oppress my people; I want to save them. " Tupac Amaru proudly said to his torturers, "Even if you tear my meat to pieces, I won't tell you anything." Even de Arreche had to admit that there was "an indomitable and incalculable spirit of calm" in this great uprising leader. Even when Tupac Amaru was tortured and his arm was broken, he tried to escape from prison twice and return to the battlefield.
1781May 18, Tupac Amaru was sentenced to be dismembered by four horses and died heroically in the central square of Cuzco.
In this uprising, Tupac Amaru put forward a strategy of opposing colonialism together with Indians, blacks, mixed-race people and indigenous whites, issued a decree to liberate black slaves, and attempted to seize the land of the manor by violent means. The revolutionary strategies and measures he adopted were full of anti-colonial and anti-feudal democratic nature. This uprising opened the way for the Peruvian people to fight for national independence and anti-feudal revolutionary struggle. In the history of Latin American national liberation movement, Tupac Amaru Uprising played a connecting role. This uprising marks the end of the era of national resistance that has been erupting for nearly 300 years and the beginning of a new era of national independence war.
Tupac Amaru set a shining example for the national liberation movement in Latin America. His image inspired and educated revolutionaries like Francisco miranda, Simó n Bolí var, San Martí n and José Martí. To this day, the name Tupac Amaru still inspires Latin American people to fight for freedom and justice. 1980165438+1On October 4th, at a grand gathering held in Cuzco to commemorate the bicentennial of Tupac Amaru's uprising, the President of Peru solemnly issued a decree and awarded Tupac Amaru the honorary title of "Pioneer of Peruvian Liberation, Tessa and Martyr".
Seagulls are not afraid of wind and rain,
Why are soldiers afraid of bleeding?
-Latin American proverb