Work content of operation management
Operation management is the planning, organization, implementation and control of the operation process, and it is the general name of all kinds of management work closely related to product production and service creation. From another perspective, operation management can also refer to the design, operation, evaluation and improvement of the system for producing and providing the company's main products and services.
Whether it is a manufacturing enterprise or a service-oriented enterprise or organization, how to provide customers with valuable and high-quality products or services in time is the core of operation management. Therefore, operation management is a management process of system design, operation, evaluation and improvement to realize customer value.
Actually, the earliest? Operation management? Where does this term come from? Production management? In terms of evolution, in the past decade or two, the field of production management has gradually deepened its understanding of production: production not only refers to the manufacture of tangible products, but also includes intangible products? Provide services; It refers to the process of transforming the input of production factors into tangible products and intangible service outputs, and increasing added value by creating utility.
So? Production management? The name of this course also comes from? Production management? (production management) evolved to? Production operation management? (production and operation management), or collectively referred to as? Operation management? Operation management should study how to organize, plan, implement and control the process of manufacturing products or providing services. Because the basic concepts, methods and technologies expounded in the course of operation management are not only applicable to manufacturing industry, but also to service industry.
With the development of science and technology and the improvement of people's living standards, the proportion of service industry in GDP is increasing day by day. By the end of 1980s, the proportion of service industry in new york and London had reached more than 80%, in Hong Kong it reached 67% in 1983, and in Shanghai it reached 5 1 in 20065438-2005. Operation management? The main objectives to be controlled are not only quality and cost, but also time, flexibility and service, which are the fundamental sources of enterprise competitiveness.
Therefore, operation management plays an important role in enterprise management. Especially in the past two or three decades, the scale of production and operation of modern enterprises has been expanding, the technology and knowledge intensity of products have been increasing, the process of product production and service has become increasingly complex, the market demand has become increasingly diversified and changeable, and the world competition has become increasingly fierce. These factors make the operation management itself constantly changing. Especially in the last decade, the rapid development of information technology has added a new powerful means to operational research, and also made the research of operational research enter a new stage, making its content richer, its scope wider and its system more complete.
Modern operation management covers more and more fields. The scope of modern management has expanded from traditional manufacturing enterprises to non-manufacturing enterprises. Its research content is not limited to the planning, organization and control of production process, but extended to include the formulation of business strategy, the design of business system and the operation of business system. Take operation strategy, new product development, product design, procurement and supply, manufacturing, product distribution and after-sales service as a whole? Value chain? , comprehensive management.
Information technology has also become an important means of operation management. A series of changes in management modes and methods caused by information technology have become an important research content of operational research. Computer-aided design (CAD), computer-aided manufacturing (CAM), computer integrated manufacturing system (CIMS), material requirements planning (MRP), manufacturing resource planning (MRPII) and enterprise resource planning (ERP) have been widely used in the production and operation of enterprises.
Objects and targets
The object of operation management is operation process and operation system. The management process is the process of input, transformation and output, the process of labor or value-added, and the first object of management. Management must consider how to plan, organize and control such production and business activities. Operating system refers to the means to realize the above transformation process. Its composition corresponds to the material transformation process and the management process in the transformation process, including a material system and a management system.
The main objectives of enterprise operation management are quality, cost, time and flexibility, which are the fundamental sources of enterprise competitiveness. Therefore, operation management plays an important role in enterprise management. Especially in the past two or three decades, the scale of production and operation of modern enterprises has been expanding, the technology and knowledge intensity of products have been increasing, the process of product production and service has become increasingly complex, the market demand has become increasingly diversified and changeable, and the world competition has become increasingly fierce. These factors make the operation management itself constantly changing. Especially in the last decade, the rapid development of information technology has added a new powerful means to operational research, and also made the research of operational research enter a new stage, making its content richer, its scope wider and its system more complete.
Modern operation management
Modern operation management covers more and more fields. The scope of modern management has expanded from traditional manufacturing enterprises to non-manufacturing enterprises. Its research content is not limited to the planning, organization and control of production process, but extended to include the formulation of business strategy, the design of business system and the operation of business system. Take operation strategy, new product development, product design, procurement and supply, manufacturing, product distribution and after-sales service as a whole? Value chain? , comprehensive management.
Management method of operation management
Improve competitiveness
With the increasingly fierce market competition and the development of global economy, how to make operation management better adapt to the needs of market competition has become a prominent problem for the survival and development of enterprises. Because of the role of operation management in the competitive strength of enterprises and its strategic guiding significance to the operation system, it has been paid more and more attention by scholars and business circles all over the world. With the research and practice of enterprise strategy, people began to study business strategy.
After World War II, American enterprises formulated their corporate strategies through their marketing and financial departments. Due to the extreme shortage of products during the war, the demand for products in the United States was very strong after the war. At that time, American enterprises could sell any products they produced and operated at very high prices. In such an enterprise environment, people do not pay attention to the operation strategy, but only to the supply market of a large number of production management products. However, by the end of 1960s, Harvard Business School was called? Father of operational strategy? Professor WickhamSkinner, a master of management, realized this hidden danger in American manufacturing industry, and he suggested that enterprises should formulate operational strategies as a supplement to existing marketing and financial strategies. In his early works, he mentioned the problem that operation management is out of line with the overall strategy of the enterprise, but it did not attract the attention of the business community at that time.
Follow-up studies by bernice, Clark, Hayes and Wheelwright of Harvard Business School continue to emphasize the importance of operating strategy as a means of enterprise competitiveness. They believe that enterprises will lose their long-term competitiveness if they do not attach importance to their operational strategies. For example, they emphasized the importance of using enterprise production management facilities and labor advantages as a weapon of market competition, and emphasized the importance of how to formulate business strategies with a long-term strategic vision.
Strategic implication
Operation strategy is the most important part of operation management. The operation management of traditional enterprises does not consider the operation management from the strategic height, but the operation strategy of enterprises is playing an increasingly important role and significance. Business strategy refers to how to support and complete the overall strategic goal of the enterprise through business management activities under the overall framework of the enterprise business strategy. Operational strategy can be regarded as a part of the planning process to coordinate operational management goals with larger organizational goals. Operation strategy involves the fundamental planning of operation management process and basic problems of operation production management.
It can be seen that the purpose of business strategy is to support and complete the overall strategic goal of the enterprise. The research object of operation strategy is the basic problems of production management operation process and production management operation system. The so-called basic problems refer to product selection, factory location, facility layout, organizational form of production management and operation, competitive advantage factors and so on. The essence of business strategy is to fundamentally plan the above-mentioned basic problems, including a series of guiding ideology and decision-making principles such as the long-term goal, development direction and focus, basic action policy and basic steps of production management and operation process and production management and operation system.
As a functional strategy in the overall strategic system of an enterprise, operation strategy mainly solves how to support and cooperate with enterprises to gain market competitive advantage in the functional field of operation management. Operational strategies are generally divided into two categories: one is structural strategy? Including long-term strategic decision-making issues, such as facility location, operational capacity, vertical integration and process selection; The other is the basic strategy? Including the quantity and skill level of labor force, product quality, production management plan and control, and the organizational structure of enterprises.
What is operation management? The business strategy of an enterprise is composed of competitive advantages. The elements of competitive advantage include: low cost, high quality, fast delivery, flexibility and service. The core competitiveness of an enterprise is its unique ability to obtain competitive advantage elements. Therefore, the core competence of an enterprise must be coordinated with the elements of competitive advantage.
Business strategy is a long-term strategic plan that most effectively uses the key resources of an enterprise to support its long-term competitive strategy and overall strategy. Therefore, the operation strategy usually covers a wide range, and the main long-term structural strategic issues include: (1) How many facilities with production management capabilities need to be built? (2) Where is it built? (3) When will it be completed? (4) What kind of technological process is needed for production management products? (5) What kind of service process is needed to provide services?
Operations management APICS
name
APICS is the name of a famous American organization, which was founded in 1957. APICS is the acronym of American Production and Inventory Control Association, which stands for American Production Management and Inventory Management Association, and it stands for Operation Management Association.
idea
What is operation management? Many people in China believe that APICS has always been the American Production Management and Inventory Management Association. In fact, in order to keep pace with the times, APICS has changed its name three times. The association is committed to providing individuals and enterprises with high-quality education and training, international certification, comprehensive educational resources and consulting network services composed of senior industry experts around the world to achieve excellent operation and management. As a slogan or creed, APICS？ Be interpreted as? Improve productivity, innovation and competitiveness? It can be understood as improving efficiency, advocating innovation and winning by competition. APICS is widely respected for its achievements in vocational qualification education of production management and inventory management for many years. APICS is famous for providing education, training and professional qualification certification related to enterprise management all over the world, especially in developed countries.
Organizational system
Headquartered in Alexandria, Virginia, USA, APICS has branches all over the United States and Canada, with international branches in many countries and regions. Organizations and individuals can join APICS Association and become members of its organizations or individuals. Among the 20,000 enterprises that have APICS members in Europe, America and other places, there are more than 65,000 members and more than 80,000 people who have obtained APICS certificates. The winner of APICS qualification certificate is synonymous with senior and middle-level production management experts recognized by the business circles of developed countries in Europe and America, with high gold content. APICS is a non-profit organization, which aims to promote the knowledge system of APICS and the professional development of production management and inventory management by providing various educational resources, club activities and qualification examinations. The knowledge system of APICS has been extended to the whole operation and management field applicable to manufacturing and service industries.
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