Important members of the Public Security School include Jiang Yingke, Tao Wangling, Huang Hui, Lei Siwei and others. This school advocates that the article should not be retro, that is, it opposes the imitation of retro views by Wang Shizhen, Li Panlong and other later generations, and advocates "learning its meaning and not sticking to words".
In addition, the school also advocates that literature is spiritual and original, and its works are fresh, handsome and interesting.
catalogue
[Hidden] 1 Forming background 1. 1 Political and social background.
1.2 Philosophical background
1.3 literary background
2 development history 2. 1 formation period
2.2 Development period
2.3 recession period
3 literary theory 3. 1 On poetry
3.2 papers
3.3 About popular literature
4. Influence 4. 1 Influence on Japanese literature
5 See also
6 references
[Edit] Form background
The school of public security came into being when the literary trend of thought flourished in the late Ming Dynasty. Its rise was related to the political, social, philosophical and literary background at that time [1]:2-3. The breakdown is as follows:
[Editor] Political and social background
In the early days of the founding of the People's Republic of China, with the assistance of great scholar Zhang, the political situation was stable. However, after Zhang's death, Emperor Wanli began to show a tendency of laziness. Failure to go to court, criticize and play, and make up for the lack of officials will lead to chaos in court affairs and empty state treasury. 1592 (twenty years of Wanli), the financial benefits of aiding Korea to conquer Japan were further exhausted. From 1596 (twenty-four years of Wanli), the imperial court began to mine and expropriate mining tax in an attempt to solve the dilemma. However, due to the lack of official management, mineral tax inspectors sent to search for private property everywhere, and most of the increased taxes were used to enrich themselves, but the national income was even less. The rich and officials seized this opportunity to annex the land, many farmers lost their jobs and fled everywhere, causing the foundation of the land to shake, and some refugees were even forced to become bandits, which made the society more turbulent. In this environment, novels and dramas have attracted many people's love [1]:3- 1 1.
[Editor] Philosophical background
1508, Wang Yangming realized Tao in Longchang and started his theory of mind and nature [2]:40 1-405. Wang Yangming expounded Lu Xiangshan's theory and called it Lu Wang, which shook the long-term rule of Zhu Cheng Neo-Confucianism in China [3]:9 18. After Jiajing, the civil life in the civil society was diversified by the tide, the official control was weakened, and the ethical constraints were gradually reduced. Coupled with the development of cities, commerce, transportation, printing and papermaking, it has created a relatively free channel for the expression of ideas and the dissemination of knowledge. Many scholars leave official schools to give private lectures. 1584 (the 12th year of Wanli), facing the ideological strength of the folk gentry, the court had to sacrifice Wang Yangming, Chen Baisha, Hu and others to the Confucius Temple. After gaining official recognition, Wang Xue also spread rapidly in the society [4]:300-302.
In the later period, Taizhou School, with Wang Ji, Wang Xinzhai and even He, Luo Rufang and Li Zhi as the main body, affirmed the rationality of daily life and secular lust and challenged the traditional order. Its "sacrilege and impossibility", bold and radical idealism and naturalism especially attracted some literati with literary temperament [4]: 3 17-365438. Among them, Li Zhi is the teacher of the police Sanyuan. In his book "Innocent Childlike Heart", he advocates that valuable literature should have true feelings, and at the same time ridicules those works that focus on imitation, and even criticizes the classics of sages [3]:9 19-920. From his questioning "why poetry should be chosen in the ancient times, and why prose should be in the pre-Qin period", he even demanded that writing should be "accumulated over time, unable to restrain itself", "unable to stop crying" and "rather make people gnash their teeth and want to kill people, than hide in famous mountains and throw them into fire and water", we can see the precursor advocated by the public security school [5]: 378-.
[Editor] Literary background
From the early Ming Dynasty, "retro" has been the mainstream of literary thoughts. First of all, Yang Wei, Lin Hong, Gao Yun and others dominate the poetry world. Then there is Chaling Poetry School in Li Dongyang, [1]:15 [5]: 312-313. Next, the first seven poets, led by Li Mengyang and He Jingming, shouted the slogan "Literature must be in Qin and Han Dynasties, and poetry must flourish in Tang Dynasty", and then the last seven poets, including Wang Shizhen and Li Panlong, rose in succession. Although there was resistance from scholars in Tang and Song Dynasties, such as Wang, Gui Youguang and Mao Kun, it had little impact [3]:898-9 18.
However, due to the vulgarization of archaism and the change of academic thought in the late Ming Dynasty, the momentum of anti-archaism is growing. In addition to the aforementioned Li Zhi, Jiao Hong, Xu Wei, Tang Xianzu and others all have anti-archaism views, which played a leading role in the theory of the public security school [3]:9 18-920.
[Editor] Development History
The three brothers Yuan were the core of the public security school, among which Yuan Zongdao was selected as the editor of the Hanlin Academy in the 14th year of Wanli. In the twenty-fifth year of Wanli (1597), he entered the East Palace as an official and enjoyed high prestige among scholars. Yuan Zongdao not only led Hongdao and Zhongdao to meet Li Zhi and Tang Xianzu, but also made preparations for the formation of the thought of public security school. Huang Hui, Tao Wangling and others he met in North Korea also began to oppose ancient customs long before Yuan Hongdao became an official, which laid the foundation for the formation of the public security school [6]:49-50.
In February of the 22nd year of Wanli (1594), Yuan Hongdao was appointed as the magistrate of Wuxian County, and began to associate with influential local literati, which established a channel for the spread of his thoughts in the future. Among them, Jiang Yingke, Tao Wangling, Qiu and Fang Zigong made friends and sang, and increasingly recognized Hongdao's literary ideas, laying the foundation for the formation of the public security school [6]:50-54.
[Edit] Formation period
In the 24th year of Wanli (1596), Yuan Hongdao pointed out in Xiao Xu Shi Xiu that most of his younger brother's poems about the Middle Way are to express his own spirit, and he doesn't want to write them unless they flow from his own heart. Sometimes, feelings and scenes can be expressed in thousands of words in an instant, such as injecting water into the east, which is amazing. There are advantages and disadvantages; The advantages are self-evident, that is, there are many defects that are unique to your own words.
For the first time, the theoretical banner of "expressing one's own spirit and not sticking to one pattern" was established. As soon as these words came out, they were immediately echoed by Jiang Yingke, Yuan Zhongdao and others. At the same time, his brother Yuan Zongdao wrote two books, On Paper and On Paper, which attacked the ancient style with strict logic and provided theoretical basis for Hongdao's Theory of Soul [6]:55-60.
During the period of 1595- 1597, the police sent people from all walks of life to write books for literature, echoing each other, attacking the absurdity of the trend of retro-ism and impacting the dominant position of the former seven sons in the literary world; At the same time, Hong Dao's Jie Jie Ji, Zhong Dao's Journey to the South, Travel Notes of Sai, Qiu's Travel Notes to the North, Jiang Yingke's Xue Tao Novel and Tao Wangling's Story of Dongting Mountain all have solid theoretical and practical foundations, and the public security school broke out as soon as it was formed [6].
period of expansion
In the 26th year of Wanli (1598), Yuan Hongdao was appointed as a professor of Shuntianfu studies and went north to the capital. Yuan Zhongdao also became a business school through rural tribute and went to Beijing to go to school. The following year, Jiang Yingke entered Beijing because he was appointed as the Tingwei of Dali Temple, along with Huang Shenxuan and Tao Wangling. The three brothers of Yuan formed an editorial department in the forest of Chengxi Temple. In addition to the three yuan, there are business newspapers Pan Shizao and Liu Risheng. Taishi Huang Hui, Tao Wangling, Gu Tianjun and Li Tengfang; Musical instrument department, Su of Zhongshe; There are also Jiang Yingke, Qiu and Fang Zigong. Although these participants do not all support the theory of the public security school, the grape club has become the activity center of the public security school. In the meantime, people not only wrote poems, but also often went out for an outing, forming a wave of travel notes creation peak [6]:62-65.
During this period, Yuan Hongdao's literary theory was further developed. In the preface to Xue Taoting's Collection, he revealed the theory that "literature can't be ignored, but it can be written at the right time", praised the creative spirit of Jiang Yingke's work "what people can't say today is better than what people dare not say today", and formed an important document of the public security school [6].
However, after the death of 1600 yuan Zongdao, the mood of Portuguese Taoists was greatly hit. 1602, Li Zhi was arrested and committed suicide. Tao Wangling, Huang Hui and others left Yanjing for fear of being implicated. Hongdao and Zhongdao returned to the police because of their brother's funeral, and the school moved south to the police. 1605, Jiang Yingke died of illness, which was another great loss for the police. But at this time, yuan brothers not only kept correspondence with the original public security school, but also made friends with a group of Chu literati, forming a new group, among which Tao Xiaoruo and Zeng Tui were important representatives. During this period, Yuan Hongdao's poetic style turned to pastoral poetry, taking Tao Qian as a model [6]:65-68.
From 1606 to 1608, Yuan Hongdao went to the Imperial Capital again, and scholars also met again in Beijing, including Tao Xiaoruo, Qiu, Fang Zigong, Zeng Tuiru and others. During this period, yuan brothers's creation got further development. Yuan Hongdao went to Shaanxi on business, and his works were broadened and refined. And Yuan Zhongdao's "A Tale of the Garden" combines diaries with essays to produce another style of essays [6]:68-69.
Recession period
1607, Tao Wangling and Fang Zigong passed away; 1608, Yuan Hongdao died; The following year, Huang Hui died in Sichuan. The core members have passed away one after another, and few successors can achieve the achievements of the three principles, so the public security schools are gradually going to the bottom. On the other hand, the banner of "expressing one's own spirit" held high by police schools is confined to the field of personal feelings. The Wanli period of the Ming Dynasty was a period of internal and external pressure, with the rise of Nuerhachi in the northeast of Manchu Dynasty, the deepening of the Korean bureaucratic group, and the growing anger of the people against the oppression of the court. Although members of the public security school have many works that care about people's sufferings, the theory can't deal with the problems between literature and the times and society. With the decline of creation and theory, the school of public security declined rapidly, and after Yuan Zhongdao's death, it completely became history. [6]:69-72
Literary theory
The literary and artistic theories of the public security school are basically repeating ancient customs and anti-imitation. Although the three principles of public security still have the word of worshipping the ancient times, they believe that "learning the ancient times" should not be limited to the imitation of words. For example, Yuan Hongdao said: "People who learn from Li Tang can't say that they have their body and their words?" ... taking the words of the ancients, every sentence is regular and clear-cut. To call it retro is to pursue its method. If you don't pursue its victory, you will lose. "Zongdao also pointed out:" Learning is the so-called learning from the past, learning its meaning, and there is no need to confuse its words. "They all advocate that expressing thoughts is the spirit of the ancients, not the similarity between words [7].10-13.
On Poetry
The public security school divided the poems before the Ming Dynasty into the Book of Songs, the Han and Wei Dynasties, the Six Dynasties, the early Tang Dynasty, the prosperous Tang Dynasty, the middle Tang Dynasty, the late Tang Dynasty and the Song and Yuan Dynasties. There is no analysis of the style of Han and Wei dynasties, and there is no subdivision of the poems of the Six Dynasties. In view of the statement that Tang poetry is divided into four periods, the public security school is only used to talk about the development of prose in Ming Dynasty. In fact, when discussing the poetic style of the Tang Dynasty, it is often replaced by "three Tang Dynasties", but the boundary between the three Tang Dynasties is not specified in detail [8]:33-34.
Before the police academy, the retro school put forward the slogan "Poetry must flourish in the Tang Dynasty". In order to break this situation, the police academy concentrated on the first phase of the Song and Yuan Dynasties. But in fact, there is almost no mention of poets in the Yuan Dynasty in the discussion, which can be said to be concentrated in the Song Dynasty. Yuan Hongdao thinks that poets in Song and Yuan Dynasties can try different themes and writing methods. Although they can't compare with the Tang Dynasty in overall achievement, they are brilliant enough to coexist with the Tang Dynasty. Yuan Hongdao singled out Ouyang Xiu and Su Shi and thought that they were comparable to Li Bai and Du Fu [8]:34-37. Even in the letters with Li Zhi, Su Shi said that "there is heaven and earth, only one person". However, it is hard to convince people that Yuan Hongdao did not put forward specific standards as the basis when raising the status of Su poetry to compete with Tang poetry. Even his younger brother, Zhong Dao, said in the Preface to Poetry in Song and Yuan Dynasties that "poetry flourished in Tang Dynasty", which directly expressed different views on the history of poetry [7]:4 1-42.
As for the poetry of Ming Dynasty, Yuan Hongdao divided it into three periods, taking the change of Suzhou poetry style as an example. The first period was from the early Ming Dynasty to the Hongzhi period, that is, before the first seven poets became active, which was the heyday of Wu poetry style. The second period is from Hongzhi to Li Qing, that is, after the first seven sons and before the last seven sons. At this time, the style of writing has faded; In the third period, after Li Qing, the last seven southern poets, such as Xu Zhenqing and Wang Shizhen, joined the retro camp, and Wu Di's writing style changed from "everyone is a poem" to "one person is a poem" [8]:7 1-72. Among the poets in Ming Dynasty, Yuan Hongdao especially admired Xu Wei. Xu Wei's poems are different from the parody of the retro school, but they can write things that others can't write from rich life experiences, so they are praised by Hongdao as "the first poet in my dynasty" and "Du Li today" [8]:38-39.
thesis
On popular literature
Popular literature has gradually become popular since the Song and Yuan Dynasties. Because it is not influenced by the retro trend, nor bound by form and meter, it can truly express the feelings of the creator. Li Zhi praised popular literature from the beginning, and publicized his views by commenting on popular literary works such as Water Margin and The West Chamber. The public security school, deeply influenced by Li Zhi, also affirmed popular literature. Yuan Hongdao once compared Luo Guanzhong and Guan Hanqing, two popular literature writers, with Sima Qian, and thought that they were both knowledgeable people. Also known as The Water Margin and Jin Ping Mei are required reading books for alcoholics [9]:161-163.
But compared with novels and operas, Yuan Hongdao paid more attention to folk songs in popular literature. He once said:
I said that if today's poems are not handed down, or if today's women are obedient, the songs they sing, such as broken jade and straw, are still ignorant and made by real people, so there are many real voices.
Even learning folk songs to create, as a way to seek truth, that this approach makes him "poetic, poetic, poetic" [9]: 163- 164.
affect
Influence on Japanese literature
The edo period in Japan (1603- 1867) is one of the three periods in the history of Japanese literature. In the middle period of Edo, the Xuanyuan school, which was born and raised, followed the retro movement in Ming Dynasty and advocated the ancient philology of "literature must be in Qin and Han Dynasties, and poetry must flourish in Tang Dynasty". In the late Edo period, ancient philology also entered the same predicament as the retro movement. At this time, people including Kamcha Mountain, Ishikawa Kuanzhai and Yamamoto Beishan borrowed the theory of the Public Security School to attack the disadvantages of ancient philology. In particular, Yamamoto Kitayama's two works, Writing and Writing Poems, borrowed literary theories and critical terms from the Gong 'an School, which not only dominated the trend of China literature at the end of Edo, but also influenced the mentality and outlook on life of intellectuals at that time [10].