Lesson 6 Westernization Movement
I. Overview of Westernization Movement
1, background: internal troubles and foreign invasion, internal troubles and foreign invasion.
2. Purpose: To make Qiang Bing a rich country, get rid of the predicament and safeguard the rule of the Qing Dynasty.
Central Committee: Prince Gong Yixin
3. Representative
Venue: Zeng Guofan, Li Hongzhang, Zuo and Zhang Zhidong
4. Slogan: Strive for self-improvement and seek wealth.
Second, the main contents of the Westernization Movement
1. Established military industry: Anqing Inner Ordnance Institute (Zeng Guofan 186 1), Jiangnan Weaving General Administration (Zeng Guofan and Li Hongzhang 1865), Fuzhou Shipping Bureau (left).
2. Establish civil industries: China Shipping Merchants (Li Hongzhang Shanghai), Hanyang Iron Works (Zhang Zhidong) and Hubei Textile Layout (Zhang Zhidong).
3. Planning the navy: Nanyang, Beiyang and Fujian navies.
4. Establishing a new school: 1862, Shi Jing Wentong Museum (training military, diplomatic and scientific talents).
Three. assess
1. Reasons for bankruptcy: the feudal system will not move, and the old will not be removed.
Step 2 evaluate
Westernization Movement took place in the special historical stage of modern society in China, which was a self-help movement of failed feudal rulers. The subjective purpose of Westernization School is to maintain feudal rule, not to lead China to capitalism. It didn't make China rich and strong, but it introduced advanced western science and technology, which made the first batch of modern enterprises appear in China. The Westernization Movement accumulated production experience for modern enterprises in China, cultivated technical strength, objectively promoted the emergence and development of Chinese national capitalism, and paved the way for China's modernization.
Lesson 7 1898 Reform Movement
First, the books on the bus
1. Background: China and Japan signed the treaty of shimonoseki.
2. Impact: It did not touch the Qing government much, but caused a sensation throughout the country. Since then, the reform movement has begun.
3. Development: Liang Qichao and Kang Youwei founded the Universal Bulletin (by introducing the political and economic situation of capitalist countries, they continued to publicize the reform and reform. ) was later renamed Moon Hee at home and abroad (published as the organ of Qiangshe).
Second, the Hundred Days Reform.
1, time:1898 June-September.
2. Content: A. Politics. Reform government institutions, abolish redundant officials and appoint reformers.
B. economy. Encourage private enterprises to set up industrial and mining enterprises.
C, culture Open new schools and cultivate talents; Translate western books and spread new ideas; Establish newspapers and periodicals, and open up their opinions.
D, military. Cultivate new types of troops.
Step 3 fail
It was opposed by the die-hards headed by Cixi.
Subjective reasons
The reason is that Yuan Shikai, the leader of the new army, tipped them off.
The reformists are weak.
objective cause
Emperor Guangxu had no real power.
4. Six Gentlemen in the Reform Movement of 1898
Tan Sitong, Kang, Liu Guangdi, Yang Rui.
5. Historical significance
China's modernization process has been accelerated, and bourgeois political theory and scientific knowledge have emerged. It has played an ideological role in society.
Lesson 8 Xinhai Revolution
First of all, Sun Yat-sen founded the Revolutionary Party.
1, Xingzhonghui
Time and place: 1894 Honolulu (Hawaii, USA)
Founder: Sun Yat-sen
Slogan: expel the Tatars, restore China and establish a coalition government.
Nature: the first bourgeois revolutionary group in China.
2. Alliance
Time and place: Tokyo, Japan 1905
Founder: Sun Yat-sen
Revolutionary Program: Expulsion of Tatars, Restoration of China, Establishment of the Republic of China, and Equal Land Ownership.
Officially published: People's Daily (in the introduction, the revolutionary program of the League is interpreted as "nationality", "civil rights" and "people's livelihood", which are collectively called "Three People's Principles". )
Nature: the first bourgeois revolutionary party in China.
Second, Wuchang Uprising
1, time and place: 19 1 1 year1October 10, Wuchang, Hubei.
2. Route: occupy the armory of Chuwangtai-storm the governor's office of Huguang-capture Hankou and Hanyang.
3. The Republic of China was founded.
Time and place: 1 912 65438+10/0.
Conditions: political collapse of the Qing government; Three principles laid the ideological foundation; The meeting of provincial representatives who declared independence in Nanjing laid the organizational foundation.
4. Significance: The Revolution of 1911 overthrew the rule of the Qing Dynasty, ended China's two thousand years of feudal rule, and made democracy and ideas deeply rooted in people's hearts. However, the victory of the Revolution of 1911 was stolen by Yuan Shikai, a northern warlord, and the rule of the northern warlords was established.
Lesson 9 New Culture Movement
I. Background
1, the concepts of democracy, freedom, equality and fraternity are deeply rooted in the hearts of the people.
2. Yuan Shikai changed course and set off a countercurrent of "respecting Confucius and restoring the ancients".
Democrats should establish a bourgeois republic.
Second, the rise.
1, logo: 19 15, Chen Duxiu founded Youth magazine (later renamed New Youth).
Slogan: Democracy and Science
3. Representative figures: Chen Duxiu, Li Dazhao, Hu Shi and Lu Xun.
4. Main position: New Youth Magazine
5. Sports Center: Peking University
Third, the main content
1, advocate democracy and oppose feudal autocracy
2. Advocate science and oppose superstition and blind obedience.
3. Advocate new morality and oppose old morality.
4. Advocate new literature and oppose old literature.
5, the edge of the struggle: the spearhead points to "respecting Confucius and restoring ancient ways"
Fourth, development.
Marxism was introduced into China. Since then, advanced intellectuals in China have used Marxism as a spiritual weapon to educate and organize the people and push the revolution into a new era.
Verb (abbreviation for verb) influence
The New Culture Movement is an unprecedented ideological emancipation movement in Chinese history. It inspires people to pursue democracy and science, explores the truth of saving the country and the people, and creates conditions for the spread of Marxism in China. However, there is also a bias of absolute negation or absolute affirmation of eastern and western cultures in the New Culture Movement. This has been affected until later.
Unit 3 The Rise of the New Democratic Revolution
The May 4th Patriotic Movement and the Establishment of China Producers' Party.
I. May 4th Movement
1, fuse: 19 19, Treaty of Versailles, China's diplomatic failure.
Step 2 break out
Time and place: May 4, 2009, Beijing.
Slogan: "Fight for sovereignty outside, get rid of national thieves inside", cancel "Article 21", oppose signing a "peace treaty" with Germany, and undertake traitors Cao Rulin and others.
Main force: students
Leaders: Chen Duxiu, Li Dazhao.
Unit 2 Exploration of Modernization
Lesson 6 Westernization Movement
I. Overview of Westernization Movement
1, background: internal troubles and foreign invasion, internal troubles and foreign invasion.
2. Purpose: To make Qiang Bing a rich country, get rid of the predicament and safeguard the rule of the Qing Dynasty.
Central Committee: Prince Gong Yixin
3. Representative
Venue: Zeng Guofan, Li Hongzhang, Zuo and Zhang Zhidong
4. Slogan: Strive for self-improvement and seek wealth.
Second, the main contents of the Westernization Movement
1. Established military industry: Anqing Inner Ordnance Institute (Zeng Guofan 186 1), Jiangnan Weaving General Administration (Zeng Guofan and Li Hongzhang 1865), Fuzhou Shipping Bureau (left).
2. Establish civil industries: China Shipping Merchants (Li Hongzhang Shanghai), Hanyang Iron Works (Zhang Zhidong) and Hubei Textile Layout (Zhang Zhidong).
3. Planning the navy: Nanyang, Beiyang and Fujian navies.
4. Establishing a new school: 1862, Shi Jing Wentong Museum (training military, diplomatic and scientific talents).
Three. assess
1. Reasons for bankruptcy: the feudal system will not move, and the old will not be removed.
Step 2 evaluate
Westernization Movement took place in the special historical stage of modern society in China, which was a self-help movement of failed feudal rulers. The subjective purpose of Westernization School is to maintain feudal rule, not to lead China to capitalism. It didn't make China rich and strong, but it introduced advanced western science and technology, which made the first batch of modern enterprises appear in China. The Westernization Movement accumulated production experience for modern enterprises in China, cultivated technical strength, objectively promoted the emergence and development of Chinese national capitalism, and paved the way for China's modernization.
Lesson 7 1898 Reform Movement
First, the books on the bus
1. Background: China and Japan signed the treaty of shimonoseki.
2. Impact: It did not touch the Qing government much, but caused a sensation throughout the country. Since then, the reform movement has begun.
3. Development: Liang Qichao and Kang Youwei founded the Universal Bulletin (by introducing the political and economic situation of capitalist countries, they continued to publicize the reform and reform. ) was later renamed Moon Hee at home and abroad (published as the organ of Qiangshe).
Second, the Hundred Days Reform.
1, time:1898 June-September.
2. Content: A. Politics. Reform government institutions, abolish redundant officials and appoint reformers.
B. economy. Encourage private enterprises to set up industrial and mining enterprises.
C, culture Open new schools and cultivate talents; Translate western books and spread new ideas; Establish newspapers and periodicals, and open up their opinions.
D, military. Cultivate new types of troops.
Step 3 fail
It was opposed by the die-hards headed by Cixi.
Subjective reasons
The reason is that Yuan Shikai, the leader of the new army, tipped them off.
The reformists are weak.
objective cause
Emperor Guangxu had no real power.
4. Six Gentlemen in the Reform Movement of 1898
Tan Sitong, Kang, Liu Guangdi, Yang Rui.
5. Historical significance
China's modernization process has been accelerated, and bourgeois political theory and scientific knowledge have emerged. It has played an ideological role in society.
Lesson 8 Xinhai Revolution
First of all, Sun Yat-sen founded the Revolutionary Party.
1, Xingzhonghui
Time and place: 1894 Honolulu (Hawaii, USA)
Founder: Sun Yat-sen
Slogan: expel the Tatars, restore China and establish a coalition government.
Nature: the first bourgeois revolutionary group in China.
2. Alliance
Time and place: Tokyo, Japan 1905
Founder: Sun Yat-sen
Revolutionary Program: Expulsion of Tatars, Restoration of China, Establishment of the Republic of China, and Equal Land Ownership.
Officially published: People's Daily (in the introduction, the revolutionary program of the League is interpreted as "nationality", "civil rights" and "people's livelihood", which are collectively called "Three People's Principles". )
Nature: the first bourgeois revolutionary party in China.
Second, Wuchang Uprising
1, time and place: 19 1 1 year1October 10, Wuchang, Hubei.
2. Route: occupy the armory of Chuwangtai-storm the governor's office of Huguang-capture Hankou and Hanyang.
3. The Republic of China was founded.
Time and place: 1 912 65438+10/0.
Conditions: political collapse of the Qing government; Three principles laid the ideological foundation; The meeting of provincial representatives who declared independence in Nanjing laid the organizational foundation.
4. Significance: The Revolution of 1911 overthrew the rule of the Qing Dynasty, ended China's two thousand years of feudal rule, and made democracy and ideas deeply rooted in people's hearts. However, the victory of the Revolution of 1911 was stolen by Yuan Shikai, a northern warlord, and the rule of the northern warlords was established.
Lesson 9 New Culture Movement
I. Background
1, the concepts of democracy, freedom, equality and fraternity are deeply rooted in the hearts of the people.
2. Yuan Shikai changed course and set off a countercurrent of "respecting Confucius and restoring the ancients".
Democrats should establish a bourgeois republic.
Second, the rise.
1, logo: 19 15, Chen Duxiu founded Youth magazine (later renamed New Youth).
Slogan: Democracy and Science
3. Representative figures: Chen Duxiu, Li Dazhao, Hu Shi and Lu Xun.
4. Main position: New Youth Magazine
5. Sports Center: Peking University
Third, the main content
1, advocate democracy and oppose feudal autocracy
2. Advocate science and oppose superstition and blind obedience.
3. Advocate new morality and oppose old morality.
4. Advocate new literature and oppose old literature.
5, the edge of the struggle: the spearhead points to "respecting Confucius and restoring ancient ways"
Fourth, development.
Marxism was introduced into China. Since then, advanced intellectuals in China have used Marxism as a spiritual weapon to educate and organize the people and push the revolution into a new era.
Verb (abbreviation for verb) influence
The New Culture Movement is an unprecedented ideological emancipation movement in Chinese history. It inspires people to pursue democracy and science, explores the truth of saving the country and the people, and creates conditions for the spread of Marxism in China. However, there is also a bias of absolute negation or absolute affirmation of eastern and western cultures in the New Culture Movement. This has been affected until later.
Unit 3 The Rise of the New Democratic Revolution
The May 4th Patriotic Movement and the Establishment of China Producers' Party.
I. May 4th Movement
1, fuse: 19 19, Treaty of Versailles, China's diplomatic failure.
Step 2 break out
Time and place: May 4, 2009, Beijing.
Slogan: "Fight for sovereignty outside, get rid of traitors inside", cancel "Article 21", oppose signing a "peace treaty" with Germany, and undertake the main forces of traitor Cao Rulin and others: student leaders: Chen Duxiu and Li Dazhao.
3. The main force of development is from students to workers.
Results: Beiyang government was forced to release the arrested students, dismiss Cao Rulin and other traitors, and refused to sign a "peace treaty" with Germany. The May 4th patriotic movement achieved initial victory.
5. Significance: This is a thorough anti-imperialist and anti-feudal patriotic movement and the beginning of China's new-democratic revolution.
6. The spirit of the May 4th Movement: The spirit of the May 4th Movement is a patriotic spirit that cares about the country and the people, is indomitable, willing to contribute and dares to struggle.
Second, the birth of * * *
1, condition: 1, thought: Marxist thought
2. Class: the growth of the working class.
3. Organization: early * * * production party organizations.
4. Cadres: outstanding cadres who grew up in the May 4th Movement.
2, * * * "a big" held.
Time and place: Shanghai in July, 192 1 (later transferred to a cruise ship in Nanhu, Jiaxing due to spy tracking)
Participants: Dong, Li Da, etc.
Content: The Congress adopted the Party's program and determined that the Party's goal is to overthrow the bourgeois regime, establish the dictatorship of the proletariat and realize * * * productism. Determine that the central task of the party is to lead the workers' movement. The Congress elected the Central Bureau, the party's central leading body, with Chen Duxiu as its secretary.
Significance: In this way, the vanguard of China proletariat-China * * * Production Party was born. China * * * production party not only represents the interests of the working class, but also represents the interests of the whole Chinese nation. Her birth was an epoch-making event in the history of China. Since China had the * * * production party, the face of the China revolution has taken on a new look.
2. * * * "Big Two"
Time: 1922
Content: Formulate a revolutionary program. After analyzing China's national conditions, the congress reiterated that the ultimate goal of China's * * * production party is to realize * * * productism; The present stage is a democratic revolution, and the party's task is to overthrow warlords, overthrow imperialist oppression and establish a democratic republic. This is the first time that China put forward a thorough anti-imperialist and anti-feudal democratic revolutionary program. Since then, the party has struggled to realize the program of democratic revolution.
Northern Expedition (1926-1927)
First, the establishment of Whampoa Military Academy.
1. Purpose: to cultivate revolutionary backbone and build a reliable army.
2. Time and place: Guangzhou Huangpu 65438+May 0924.
3. Leaders: Chiang Kai-shek (President) and Zhou Enlai (Director of Political Department)
4. Role: trained political and military talents and established the National Revolutionary Army.
Second, the Northern Expedition marched triumphantly
1. Purpose: To overthrow the rule of Beiyang warlords and unify the whole country.
2. Overview
Time: 65438+July 0926
Object: Wu, Sun, Zhang.
Character: Chiang Kai-shek (Commander-in-Chief)
Main battlefields: Hunan and Hubei
Major battles: Battle of Tingsi Bridge and Battle of Heshengqiao.
Pioneer: Independent Regiment of the Fourth Army of Ye Ting (Tiejun)
3. Results
Less than half a year after the Northern Expedition began, it spread from the Pearl River basin to the Yangtze River basin, which shocked the whole country. Under the leadership of our party, the broad masses of workers and peasants gave strong support to the Northern Expedition, which enabled the National Revolutionary Army to advance rapidly. The marked army liberated Hunan and conquered Wuhan, Hubei; The middle route army liberated Jiangxi; The East Route Army liberated Fujian. At the beginning of 1927, the Northern Expeditionary Army successively defeated the main force of the Northern Warlord Wu Hesun, occupied half of China, and achieved great victory. However, just as the Northern Expeditionary Army was developing to a critical juncture, with the support of imperialism, Chiang Kai-shek, Wang Ching-wei and other right-wing forces of the Kuomintang launched counter-revolutionary coups in Shanghai on April 12th and Wuhan on July 15th. At the same time, influenced by Chen Duxiu's right capitulationism, the Party failed to take correct measures to deal with emergencies. As a result, Chiang Kai-shek's reactionary clique stole the revolutionary achievements, established a new warlord rule, and the vigorous Northern Expedition ended in failure.
4. Reasons for the victory of the Northern Expedition.
The operational policy of the Northern Expeditionary Army is correct.
The two sides cooperated together.
The officers and men of the Northern Expeditionary Army fought bloody battles and played a vanguard and exemplary role in the * * * production party.
* * * Workers and peasants actively cooperate and support under the leadership of the production party.