Renaissance Art \ Stylistism \ French Rococo Art \ Neoclassicism
From the second half of14th century to the end of16th century, Europe was in a transitional period from feudal society to capitalist society. The dark Middle Ages collapsed day by day, and new capitalist relations of production gradually formed.
The germination of the new capitalist economy within the feudal system will inevitably lead to the corresponding ideology and cause changes in the ideological and cultural system. When the emerging bourgeoisie could not establish its own political power, in order to get rid of the shackles of feudal autocracy in both material and spiritual aspects, they first made changes in the ideological and cultural fields, created public opinion, shook the old spiritual system, and formed a magnificent innovation movement, known as the "Renaissance" in history. The guiding ideology of the Renaissance is humanism, which advocates taking the secular "man" as the center and affirms that "man" is the creator and enjoyment of real life. They argued that humanity opposed the divinity of the church, that human rights opposed the theocracy in the Middle Ages, and that humanity opposed the Shinto defending the feudal system. They oppose religious asceticism and the concept of afterlife, praise secular life and despise heaven; Advocating the liberation of personality, and promoting personal secular happiness above all else. At the same time, humanists come from noble families, laugh at the ignorance of monks, denounce scholasticism and mysticism, advocate rationality, explore nature and pursue scientific knowledge. Literature and art are required to express people's thoughts and feelings, science should seek happiness for life, and education should develop people's personality. In addition, humanists also support centralized economic development, oppose separatism and foreign interference, and demand national independence and unity.
Under the influence of humanism, artistic creation has also undergone corresponding changes, showing distinct characteristics of the times. Art is no longer a slave to religious theology, but begins to depict secular people and their real lives in subject matter. Even religious myths have injected humanity and people's thoughts and feelings, turning God into a secular person. In the way of expression, it advocates facing nature, taking nature as a teacher, rationally explaining nature, and introducing scientific achievements to shape artistic images. Perspective and anatomy became the two pillars of artistic modeling in the Renaissance. Artists in this period are usually craftsmen, scientists, architects, painters and sculptors. This is an era of giants, allowing countless outstanding artists to appear in the European sky like bright stars, illuminating the "Millennium".
Renaissance originated in Italy, and then gradually spread to other European countries, with different forms in different regions and countries. In Italy, it shows achievements in painting, sculpture and architecture, and in Germany, it shows the peasant war and the religious reform movement.
Dutch Renaissance Art
In Renaissance Europe, in addition to Italy becoming the pioneer of culture and art, various countries and regions north of the European Alps, with cities as the center, gradually emerged the dawn of new culture and art. As far as painting art is concerned, the Netherlands and Germany at that time have become another prosperous place of painting in the European Renaissance.
The word "Netherlands" means low-lying land, including the lower reaches of the Rhine, the Muse River, the Hilde River and the coastal areas of the North Sea, which is equivalent to parts of the Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg and northeastern France today. It faces the Atlantic Ocean and Britain, and the south is connected with the whole western Europe through the Rhine River. As early as the Middle Ages, it became one of the major international trade centers in the North because of its geographical advantages. 13 and 14 centuries, the handicraft industry here, especially the wool spinning industry, was quite developed. In the15th century, especially in the early16th century, due to the further development of Dutch trade and wool spinning industry, urban construction was extremely rapid. Among them, Bruges, ypres, Ghent and Liè ge are the most prosperous cities. At the same time, in the struggle with feudal lords, citizens gained a series of privileges for the development of the city, thus gaining relative independence. In addition, due to the royal marriage and agreement, most parts of the Netherlands became the territory of the powerful Burgundy Principality, which completed the initial political unity and promoted the rapid development of Dutch cities. Therefore, the Netherlands at that time has become the only advanced region in Europe that can be compared with Italy. Although the Italian Renaissance broke through the prison of the Middle Ages with great momentum and developed rapidly, Dutch art is still in the late stage of Gothic art, but this does not hinder the special form of Dutch national art, especially the creative contribution to the emergence and development of European oil painting art. At the same time, we can see the works of Dutch artists in the court of urbino and appreciate the works of Dutch masters in the church of Florence. The oil painting techniques and woodcut techniques they created also attracted Italian painters.
/kloc-Holland has not yet formed its own independent artistic system in the 0/4th century, and its artistic activities are mainly closely related to France. At that time, many Dutch sculptors and painters were active in France, and a large number of works of Dutch artists were left in the courts of duke of burgundy and the Duke of Burry, two major French art patrons. At the same time, in southern France, Italian art, especially the Siena School, was very popular here because the Pope had settled in avignon, and it also had a great influence as far away as Paris, the center of artistic activities at that time. Therefore, Dutch artists were influenced by Italian art through France.
The essence of all Renaissance art is the same, and it is a struggle between the humanistic worldview with people as the main body and the worldview with God as the main body. However, different nationalities have their own unique artistic creation personality under different cultural and traditional backgrounds. With the help of the rich heritage of ancient Greek and Roman civilization, the Italian Renaissance broke through the shackles of medieval religious art, while the Netherlands only had the tradition of medieval Gothic art without the support and cooperation of advanced Italian science and philosophy, so the artists' ideas were updated slowly and the Renaissance art developed tortuous.
Italy is located in a maritime climate, and the walls of church buildings are large, which is suitable for murals, while the Netherlands is humid, and Gothic churches have more windows, which is not suitable for murals. Because of the small space, paintings on shelves are popular in the Netherlands (painted on flat materials such as boards and can be moved). The picture is small and fine, forming a fine and exquisite painting style, similar to meticulous painting, so fine that portraits can be drawn on the button-sized area. This miniature painting originally used rubber powder painting. Later, in order to pursue delicate color expression, painters painted oil paints on rubber foundation, which is called rubber powder oil painting. Later, the painter Van Ike reformed the color painting materials of oil painting, and used appropriate color oil to blend colors, so oil painting came out. Therefore, later generations called the Van Eyck brothers the founders of oil painting.
Stylistism
Style doctrine, also known as emotionalism or stylism, refers to a special artistic phenomenon during the transition from Italian Renaissance art to Baroque art, which is different from the lofty harmony between Renaissance art and later Baroque art. Historians call the artistic style of this period "emotionalism" or "stylism". Artists consciously pursue a more extreme form and are keen to express their inner turmoil and depressed emotions with complex images and actions. The main characteristics of Stylistic art are: a considerable number of subjects are nude figures, with strange and twisted postures, muscular exaggeration and obscure ideological contents; The plot in the painting often does not appear in the visual center and is vaguely in a secondary position. The perspective of the picture space is exaggerated and the characters are deformed, such as lengthening the human body and neck. People in paintings are often crowded in narrow spaces and have the feeling of rushing out of the picture; Color inadvertently reproduces the objective and natural appearance, focusing on conveying the painter's subjective feelings. In sculpture, it can adapt to all-round viewing and give the audience a comfortable and pleasant feeling.
Representative painters include Rosso Florentino, Jacob da Pontomo, PaMicchia Nino, Haguenau Lo Blanzy, etc. Sculptors include Jan Bologna and cellini.
French rococo art
The brothers Gongur, an art historian, wrote: "When Louis XV replaced Louis XIV, the ideal of art changed from grandeur to pleasure, and the sense of elegance and nuance was everywhere."
/kloc-in the 0/7th century, France reached the peak of monarchy under the rule of Louis XIV, the king of the sun, and orthodox classical art prevailed. In the era of Louis XV, it entered an era of extreme enjoyment, as the poet Rosso sang, "Yesterday has already passed, and tomorrow may not come." Only today, there is no doubt that people can find happiness. Under the background of the spirit of the times, "Rococo Art" came into being.
Rococo is synonymous with shell technology, which leads to a slender, gorgeous and rich artistic style or style. Because it was mainly popular in the Louis XV era, it is also called the Louis XV style, which reflects the aesthetic ideals and tastes of the upper class aristocrats and is the mainstream artistic style popular in Europe in the18th century. At the same time, citizen art, which reflects the artistic ideal and aesthetic taste of the third grade, has emerged, that is, art with realistic tendency under the influence of the Enlightenment. These two kinds of art are opposite to each other, and they influence and penetrate each other. The so-called Enlightenment is a large-scale cultural and educational movement initiated by bourgeois progressive thinkers Voltaire, Rousseau and Diderot to oppose aristocratic culture and arouse people's anti-feudal ideological consciousness. This movement centers on spreading emerging natural and social sciences (including literature and art), making people believe that the highest ideals of the times are democracy and freedom. The Enlightenment mainly followed the Renaissance to further defeat the French feudal rule and its spiritual pillar-the Catholic Church. In the field of literature and art, Enlightenment opposed the old classicism and demanded literary genre, type, theme, artistic language form and traditional rules, combined with real life and creative freedom. Enlightenment thinkers, such as Diderot, urged artists to go deep into life. He said, "If you want to live in the country, you should live in a cabin and visit your neighbors. Even better, you should look at their beds, meals, clothes and houses. " In terms of art, he urged painters not to be confined in the studio all day to imitate artificial models, but to go to churches, streets and markets to carefully observe the real faces and movements of real people. He denounced Boucher, a painter who specialized in beautifying aristocratic life, as a "degenerate artist". Painters who supported the Enlightenment and embodied this spirit in their works include Xia Erdan and Greuze.
The official classicism of Louis XIV era is characterized by solemnity, magnificence, heavy appearance and profound thought. Rococo and its tradition pursue gorgeous, light, exquisite, delicate and superficial sensory stimulation. In architectural art, the proportional relationship of modeling emphasizes towering and slender, replaces symmetry with asymmetry, and frequently uses curves and arcs with changeable shapes and directions, rejecting the dignified and serious expression techniques in the past. Large mirrors are often used for interior decoration. Among the decorative patterns, garlands and bouquets, bows and arrows, arrow pots and various shell patterns are widely used. Bright colors, love the combination of white and gold tones. In interior decoration and furniture configuration, the structural lines of modeling are ingenious, soft, elegant and comfortable.
Rococo style is manifested in painting and sculpture, and at the same time, more subjects of pleasure and enjoyment are selected, and social life and fairy tales, especially the love affairs of young men and women, are expressed with cheerful and lively mood. In these works, the details of flirting between men and women are emphasized, and even the depiction of hue, sensuality and sexiness is pursued to cater to the aesthetic taste of the upper class with this sensual and exciting artistic image.
Rococo style spread to a large area of Europe, which is a fashion of the times involving various artistic expressions. However, the performance in different regions is different, such as Rococo rooted in France, Rococo popular in Europe, and Rococo developed under the influence of Rococo.
Rococo sculpture art
/kloc-Rococo sculpture in the 0/8th century was mainly developed on the basis of17th century classicism. Often attached to buildings, a large number of works are used to decorate the environment and indoor lamps, especially small sculptures for indoor decoration. They have strong dynamics and rich expressions, which make them more delicate and delicate as paintings, forming the basic characteristics of Rococo sculpture art.
neoclassicism
Neoclassicism flourished in the middle of18th century and reached its peak in the first half of19th century.
On the one hand, neoclassicism emphasizes the revival of ancient tastes, especially the solemn, solemn, beautiful and elegant art forms in ancient Greece and Rome; On the other hand, it strongly opposes the baroque and rococo artistic styles advocated by aristocratic society.
Neo-classicism is different from the classicism prevailing in17th century, which excludes the abstract concept of absolute beauty and the artistic image of poverty and bloodless. It takes ancient beauty as a model, absorbs nutrition from real life, respects nature, pursues truth, has a preference for ancient scenery, and shows yearning and nostalgia for ancient civilization.
Neoclassicism is not only manifested in art, but also in literature and music. Its rise in France has its special background. /kloc-The second half of the 0/8th century was a period when the French feudal monarchy became increasingly corrupt and the bourgeoisie became increasingly powerful, and it was a revolutionary era when the two classes faced a decisive battle. 1789 On the eve of the French Revolution, the bourgeoisie held high the banner of anti-feudalism and anti-religious theocracy in the ideological field, striving for the victory of human ideals and calling on and organizing the masses to devote themselves to the bourgeois revolution. In order to achieve complete victory in this revolutionary struggle, we must first inject into people's minds the virtue and courage of dying for the revolution, that is, the heroism of fighting for * * * and the country. Heroes of ancient Greece and Rome became idols worshipped by the bourgeoisie, and bourgeois revolutionaries used these ancient heroes to call on the people to sacrifice themselves for the truth. As Marx pointed out, they invited the dead to help them with trepidation, borrowed their names, battle slogans and clothes, so as to wear this long-respected costume and use this borrowed language to perform new scenes in world history. It is in this historical environment that neoclassicism, which borrowed ancient art forms and ancient heroic themes, created bourgeois revolutionary public opinion.
The so-called "neo-classicism" first follows the rationalist view, which holds that art must proceed from rationality and exclude the subjective thoughts and feelings of artists, especially when facing the conflicts of interests between society and individuals, individuals should restrain their feelings, obey reason and law, and advocate the perfect morality of citizens is to sacrifice themselves and do their duty for the motherland. The creation of artistic image advocates the ideal beauty of ancient Greece; Pay attention to the integrity and sculptural modeling of classical art forms, pursue elegance, solemnity and harmony, and at the same time insist on rigorous sketch and clear outline, and try to weaken the color elements of painting. The "newness" of "neoclassicism" lies in borrowing the themes and manifestations of ancient heroism, directly depicting major events and heroes in the real struggle, closely cooperating with the real struggle, and directly serving the bourgeoisie to seize and consolidate political power, which has a distinct realistic tendency. Therefore, neoclassicism is also called revolutionary classicism, and its outstanding representative is David.