the westernization group
In the Westernization Movement, the central representative of the Westernization School was the local representative Aisinggiorro Yixin.
There are Xianghuai Group such as Li Hongzhang, Zhang Zhidong, Zeng Guofan and Zuo, as well as Chonghou, Shen Baozhen, Liu Kunyi, Tang and Zhang Jian. They advocate learning from western sounds, light, electricity, culture, ships, trains, machines, guns, newspapers and schools, under the banner of "self-improvement" and "seeking wealth". People think that if China wants to be rich and strong, it must learn from the natural science and even social politics of the western bourgeoisie. Therefore, we advocate the development of "western learning", the promotion of "westernization", the establishment of military factories, the production of new weapons, and the establishment of a new army in order to achieve the goal of "self-improvement." In order to solve the problems of raw materials, capital and transportation of military industry, and then vigorously set up civil industry, mining industry and transportation industry, in order to achieve the purpose of seeking wealth and resisting foreign capitalist aggression and expansion.
diehard
The representatives of the die-hards are the teachers of the Tongzhi Emperor, the ministers of the Ministry of Industry and the university students, such as Woren, Song and Jin. In the central region, mainly some mainland officials. The die-hards, represented by Japanese benevolence and righteousness, sang that "the way to build a country lies in respecting propriety and righteousness rather than Machiavellian, and the fundamental purpose lies in people's hearts rather than technology", and advocated that "loyalty is the armor and propriety is the god" to resist foreign aggression. The Westernization School opposes the old school, thinking that the old school is "very noble and correct", but "taking propriety and righteousness as the backbone and loyalty as the armor is not conducive to self-improvement. In the past two or three decades, Chinese and foreign officials have failed to control the enemy and only used empty words to fill their responsibilities, which led to the changes in Geng Shen. " Westernization and die-hards attacked each other and the struggle was fierce. The Prime Minister's Office is the central organization to promote the Westernization Movement. However, the influence of the Westernization School is mainly not in the central government of the Qing Dynasty, but in the governors and governors who hold local real power. Cixi understood that in order to maintain the dominance of the Qing Dynasty, she had to rely on the powerful Westernization School which was appreciated by foreign invaders. So she temporarily adopted the strategy of supporting Westernization.
main course
On the first day of December in the tenth year of Xianfeng (186111), Prince Gong Yixin, together with Gui Liang and Wen Xiang, wrote six articles of association to coordinate foreign affairs and launched a westernization movement aimed at Qiang Bing, a rich country. [2]
186 1 Xin You After the coup, Cixi, who was in conflict with the original conservative forces, stepped into the ruling center. In order to maintain her dominant position, she adopted the policy of fostering the Westernization School. After the Westernization School entered the political stage of the Qing Dynasty, it introduced advanced western science and technology on a large scale and set up modern military and civilian enterprises, and China's modernization movement developed rapidly.
In the early days of the Westernization Movement, the Westernization School established a number of modern military industries under the banner of "self-improvement" and "seeking wealth" and adopted advanced western production technology. Under the auspices of Li Hongzhang and others, a number of large-scale modern military industries such as Jiangnan Manufacturing Bureau, Jinling Manufacturing Bureau, Fuzhou Shipping Bureau and Tianjin Machinery Bureau came out one after another. In just a few years, China has possessed the production capacity of various military products such as cast iron, steelmaking and machinery, including new weapons such as cannons, firearms, ammunition, mines and ships, and equipped some troops. They also set up a number of military schools, such as Tianjin Beiyang Naval Academy, Guangzhou Torpedo Academy, Weihai Naval Academy, Nanyang Naval Academy, Lushun Torpedo Academy, Jiangnan Army Academy and Shanghai Artillery Training School, which made important contributions to national defense.
The establishment of Beiyang Navy is one of the highest military achievements of Westernization Movement. Although the Beiyang Navy failed in the end, it was once an advanced military force in China that could deter the ocean, occupying a place in the history of the world navy, and in the process of cultivating the Beiyang Navy, it also promoted the development of a series of modern undertakings.
With the establishment of military industry, the Westernization School realized that the strong national defense foundation lies in the economic development of the whole country, which needs the support of energy, steel and other industries. At the same time, in order to safeguard national interests, we should also develop the national economy and "compete for profits" with foreigners. As a result, they put forward the slogan of seeking wealth, and civil industry and new transportation industry also developed.
In the later period of the Westernization Movement, in order to solve the difficulties of military industry in terms of capital, fuel and transportation, the Westernization School set up many civilian industries under the banner of "seeking wealth". 1872, Li Hongzhang established China Merchants Bureau for Ships in Shanghai. This is the first private enterprise founded by the Westernization School. Only three years after its establishment, China Merchants recovered more than two million silver13 million for the Qing government, and also developed overseas business, breaking the monopoly of foreign shipping companies.
Later, China's modern mining, telegraph, postal service, railway and other industries appeared one after another. During the Westernization Movement, light industry also developed vigorously. From 65438 to 0880, Zuo founded Lanzhou Weaving Bureau, which became the originator of modern textile industry in China. China's modern textile industry, waterworks, power plants, machine reeling, ginning, paper making, printing, pharmacy, glass manufacturing, etc. Both were established in the 1970s and 1980s. Driven by the Westernization Movement, China's civil industry developed rapidly, which laid the foundation for China's modern industry.
timetable
186 1 year, the Anqing ordnance institute founded by Zeng Guofan hired China craftsmen to imitate western-style firearms, which was the earliest modern military industry in China. From 1862, it took three years to develop China's first ship "Huanggu". timetable
186 1 year, the Qing government established the Prime Minister's Office for International Affairs, which was a newly established diplomatic institution of the Qing government.
1862, Shi Jing wentong pavilion was established in Beijing, which was the earliest westernization school in Qing dynasty (1902 was merged into Shi Jing wentong pavilion).
1863, "Guangdong Pavilion" was established in Shanghai; The following year, the "Guangdong Pavilion" was established in Guangzhou. The main purpose of Cantonese Pavilion is to cultivate talents who are proficient in foreign languages.
1865, Jiangnan manufacturing bureau was established in Shanghai with a translation hall; In the same year, Jinling Machinery Manufacturing Bureau was established in Nanjing.
1866, Mawei Shipping Bureau was established in Fuzhou.
1870, the General Bureau of Ordnance Machinery was established in Tianjin (later renamed Beiyang Machinery Manufacturing Bureau).
1872, China merchants ship was established in Shanghai; The first batch of overseas students sent by China officials went abroad, and they were selected under the guidance of Yung Wing.
1875, suggesting that all provinces set up foreign schools; Set up the item "westernization and enterprising" in the imperial examination.
1878, Lanzhou Weaving Bureau was established in Lanzhou, which is the earliest machine woolen mill in China.
1880, the machine weaving layout was established in Shanghai, which was the earliest machine cotton textile factory in China. In the same year, Shi Jing Wentong Museum was established in Tianjin to purchase warships; Set up a north-south telegraph office.
188 1 year, Kaiping Mining Bureau was established.
1882, Lushun military port was established.
1885, the Qing government established a new naval yamen; Established the Army Ordnance School in Tianjin.
1890, Hubei Gun Factory was established in Hanyang; Establish Hanyeping Coal and Iron Plant and Mining Company in Hubei and Jiangxi. [6]
1892, Tintin founded Shi Ding Nail Factory in Yantai.
Final outcome
During the Sino-Japanese War, Beiyang Navy
Sino-Japanese Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895 (7)
The annihilation of the whole army marked the complete loss of the strength of the Qing navy and the bankruptcy of the 35-year Westernization Movement.