1, Laozi (about 600 years before the legend-about 470 years before): recognized as the founder of the Taoist school, he advocated "self-improvement, quietness and self-correction" (Sima Qian's language), and his masterpiece was the Tao Te Ching. There is no exact statement about his life experience. Sima Qian recorded three viewpoints in Historical Records: First, he said that Lao Zi's surname was Li Minger, and he was from Qurenli, Li Xiang, an ancient county of Chu (now Lu Yi, Henan).

He used to be the history of Zhou Shoucang. I don't know what to do because I saw the decline of Zhou Deri and retreated to the West. Second, Lao Tzu is Lao Laizi; Third, Teli Mi is Lao Zi. Later generations have different views on these statements, which has caused a long debate.

2. Zhuangzi (369-286 BC): Zhuang Mingzhou, Zi Xiu, a great Shirley in the Warring States Period, was an important pioneer of Taoism after Laozi, and was also called "Laozi and Zhuangzi" with Laozi. I have only been a local paint garden official all my life, so I should not be employed by Chu Weiwang, because I advocate freedom. He advocates respecting nature, being carefree, and "interacting with the spirit of heaven and earth alone, but not admiring everything". His masterpiece is Zhuangzi.

Liezi: a thinker in the early Warring States period, whose date of birth and death is unknown, was contemporary with Zheng Miaogong. Based on Huang Lao, he advocated "consolidating the foundation, clearing up the emptiness and doing nothing" (Liu Xiangyu, a scholar in Han Dynasty), "emphasizing the emptiness" and "emphasizing righteousness". There are eight kinds of Liezi, which were compiled by Zhang Zhan in the Eastern Jin Dynasty.

4. Yang Zhu: A native of Wei State (now Kaifeng City, Henan Province) during the Warring States Period, Ziju is an important representative of Taoism after Laozi. Advocating "attaching importance to one's own life", "attaching importance to oneself" and "doing it for me", its famous saying is: "If one point is less, it will benefit the world and be different; Knowing that the world is full of clothes, I won't take them. Everyone doesn't lose a penny. If everyone is bad for the world, the world will be ruled. "

5. Wen Zi: A disciple of Laozi, contemporary with Xia Zi in Shang Bo, but not as good as Confucius, once asked to learn from Xia Zi and Mozi. There are twelve existing Wen Zi, which were once considered as fake books after the Han Dynasty. However, in 1973 bamboo slips unearthed from more than 40 Han tombs in Dingxian County, Hebei Province, there are remnants of Wen Zi, so it is undoubtedly confirmed that they are works of the pre-Qin period.

Tian pian: a thinker in the warring States period. Also known as Chen Qing, the imperial clan of the State of Qi. He once taught under Xia Ji, and because of his eloquence, he was called "the mantra". His works advocating "nobility", "passerby", "discernment" and "justice" have been lost.

7. Shen Dao (about 395 BC ~ 3 BC15): Zhao people in the Warring States Period. In his early years, he studied the art of Huang Lao. He once gave lectures under the State of Qi, enjoying a high reputation, and then left the State of Qi for South Korea. Advocating "following the crowd", "respecting the law" and "attaching importance to the situation", there are 42 Shen Ziwen recorded in Hanshu Yiwenzhi, which are listed as legalists, and there are only 7 existing ones. His famous saying is: "the wise are not enough to convince the public, but the powerful are enough to deceive."

8. Song Shuo (about 370 BC to 29 BC1year): A native of the Song Dynasty, he advocated "advocating frugality", "not fighting" and "parting". Song Zi has eighteen songs, which have been lost today, with only one album left.

9. Yin Wen (about 360 BC-280 BC) was a native of Qi. Oppose the annexation war between princes. Thought "Tao" is "Qi", and clearly put forward the essence theory. The rationality and inevitability of social division of labor are demonstrated. Other ideas are similar to those of Song Shuo. There is a volume of Yin Wenzi.

10, Guo Guanzi: Chu people at the end of the Warring States Period, whose names are unknown, because "living in the mountains, with Guo as the crown" (Hanshu? Yi Wenzhi), hence the name Guan. Guo Guanzi is the teacher of Pang Xian, a general of Zhao State. Pang Xian asked him for advice many times, and led the troops to defeat Guo Yan. According to Taiping Yu Lan, after Feng Xuan became famous in Zhao, Guo Guanzi was afraid that Pang Huan would recommend himself, so he broke off relations with Pang Huan.

Guan Zi, his masterpiece, is an important work of Huang at the end of the Warring States Period.

1 1, Sima Tan (? -Former 1 10): Sima Qian's father was born in xia yang, Western Han Dynasty, and Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty was then Taishiling. His masterpiece is The Six Classics, in which he first put forward the name of Taoism.

12, Liu An (former 179- former 122): the royal family of the Western Han Dynasty, the king of Huainan. Li, the grandson of Emperor Gaozu Liu Bang and the son of Huainan Wang, was accused of rebellion in his later years and was forced to commit suicide. Liu An was a famous thinker and writer in the Western Han Dynasty.

Different from other princes, he devoted himself to governing the country and keeping the country safe, writing books and saying things. He loved the virtuous and respected the virtuous corporal, and finally wrote an all-encompassing Taoist masterpiece, Huai Nan Zi, with all the guests. In addition, Liu An and his disciples invented tofu and made the earliest hot air balloon experiment with eggshells.

13, Ji Kang (224-263, I said 223-262): Zishuye, a native of Luoxian County, Wei Guo during the Three Kingdoms period. Famous thinker, musician and writer.

In his early and later years, he advocated the new trend of metaphysics with Ruan Ji and other bamboo forest celebrities, and advocated that "the more famous teachers, the more natural" and "judging the noble and the humble, and being sensible". He was the spiritual leader of the "seven sages of bamboo forest". He once married Cao Cao's great-granddaughter, worked as a doctor in Cao Wei's middle school, and was called the third in the season by the world. Later, he was executed by Si Mazhao for offending and framing Zhong Hui.

14, Wang Bi, born in the Three Kingdoms period. Yan He and Wang Bi played a key role in the transformation from Confucian classics in Han Dynasty to metaphysics in Wei and Jin Dynasties, among which Wang Bi made a great contribution. He emphasized the distinction between body and function, advocated the spirit of "valuing nothing", and interpreted the Book of Changes according to this principle, which made the research direction of the Book of Changes move towards pure metaphysics and the history of the Book of Changes in China move towards a new situation.

15, Guo Xiang (about 252 ~ 3 12): a metaphysicist in the Western Jin Dynasty in China. Zixuan, a native of Luoyang, Henan. Official to assistant minister of Huangmen, master book of Taifu.

As a good Lao Zi and a talkative man, he is famous for Zhuangzi's Notes. He inherited some viewpoints of Xiang embroidery, opposed the viewpoint of making something out of nothing, advocated the theory of "individualization", and believed that everything in the world had the relationship of "self-reliance and mutual cause", and as long as they went their own way, they could reach the ideal "mysterious realm".

In addition to the above-mentioned famous Taoist scholars, there are politicians and thinkers such as Jiang Shang, Fan Li, Lv Buwei, Cao Can, Emperor Wendi, Dou Taihou, Ji An, Wang Chong, Wang Dao, Xie An, Liu Ji, Fu Shan, Yan Fu and Yang Zengxin. They are also subject to or deeply influenced by Taoist thought and have always been regarded as Taoist figures.

Main works of Taoism

1, Tao Te Ching: also known as moral truth and Laozi. , the first complete philosophical work in the history of China, is also a landmark work of Taoism, which is divided into two chapters, 8 1, with 5,000 words. Sima Qian, a historian of the Western Han Dynasty, summarized his theme as "Taoism is natural, and inaction is the rule".

The most popular book is Wang Biben. In the 20th century and the beginning of 2 1 century, Mawangdui silk book, Guodian bamboo slips and Peking University Western Han bamboo book Laozi were discovered through archaeology. The legend was written by Laozi in the Spring and Autumn Period. According to the date of Laozi, a Guodian bamboo slip unearthed in 1993, the book was written at least in the middle and early Warring States period.

2. Zhuangzi, also known as the Southern Classics, was written by Zhuang Zhou, a thinker in the mid-Warring States period, his disciples and later scholars with the theme of "Heaven". The book is divided into internal articles, external articles and miscellaneous articles, with 52 original articles, while Guo's current works are only 33.

In the book, "Yan is extension, tautology is truth, and fable is breadth". Wang Yang's wanton and unprovoked changes had a great influence on later Taoist thoughts and even China's literature and art.

3. Silk Scripts of the Yellow Emperor:1At the end of 973, four lost ancient books were found in the No.3 Han Tomb of Mawangdui in Changsha, namely Classic, Sixteen Classics, Weighing and Daoyuan. The original copy is in the same volume of the second edition of Laozi.

Many scholars believe that it is the four classics of the Yellow Emperor, and it is also called the two classics of the Huang family with the Tao Te Ching. Its main content is to explain how to ensure the country's prosperity on the basis of Taoism.

4. Guanzi: It was written from the Warring States Period (475 ~ 22 BC1) to the Qin and Han Dynasties, and its content was very complicated, including the views of legalists, Confucianism, Taoism, Yin and Yang, famous artists, militarists and farmers. Liu Xiang listed it as a Taoist work in the history of literature and art in the Han Dynasty. At that time, there were 86 works, and now it is a real book.

5. Lu's Spring and Autumn Annals: At the end of the Warring States Period (about 22 1 year BC), Lv Buwei, the prime minister of Qin State, collectively compiled it, also known as Lu Lan.

The content is complex, including Confucianism, Taoism, Mohism, France, military, agriculture, Zongheng, Yin and Yang, and so on. Therefore, Hanshu Yiwenzhi lists it as a miscellaneous family. But in fact, it is mainly based on Taoist thought, integrating various theories and serving the real society. The famous saying in Lu's Spring and Autumn Annals: "The world is the world of all."

6, "Guanzi": pre-Qin Taoist and military works, "Han Shu? The author of Yi Wen Zhi is "Chu people".

This book, like other Huang's books, is in the name of Huang Lao's punishment, and it also has the characteristics of a hundred schools of thought, including politics and military philosophy. In addition, Guanzi recorded the battle in which Pang Xian led the army to defeat the Yan army at the end of the Warring States Period, so it also had a certain position in military history.

7. Wen Zi: Also known as Xuantong Zhenjing, it was handed down by Laozi's disciple Wen Zi, mainly explaining Laozi's words, expounding Laozi's thoughts and inheriting and developing Taoism. At the same time, it adopted the words of a hundred schools of thought and absorbed the benevolence and morality of Confucianism.

The predecessors thought that this edition was a fake book between Han and Tang Dynasties, or a copy of the book Huai Nan Zi in the late Western Han Dynasty. However, in 1973, a remnant volume of Wen Zi was unearthed from the Han Tomb in Dingxian County, Hebei Province, which confirmed that Wen Zi was an ancient book in the Western Han Dynasty and the pre-Qin period.

8. Huainanzi: Also known as Huainan Lie Hong, was edited by Huainan Wang Liu An, Li Shang, Su Fei and Wu Bei in the early Western Han Dynasty.

The History of Literature and Art in Hanshu lists Huainanzi as a sage. In fact, this book is a masterpiece of the Huang family in the early Han Dynasty, which is guided by Taoism and absorbs hundreds of theories. "Huainanzi" famous saying: "There are points in ancient times, so the people are forbidden, so you can't be arrogant; French etiquette, so the king is forbidden, so there is no good judgment. "

9. Liezi: Also known as Xu Chongjing, it is an important Taoist book. Liezi has eight volumes in the Han Dynasty's Records of Arts and Literature, and there are eight articles today, which were compiled by Zhang Zhan in the Eastern Jin Dynasty. There are many fables 100, such as The Yellow Emperor Roaming, Yugong Yishan, Kuafu Chasing the Sun, Worrying about the Worries, which are interesting, meaningful and thought-provoking.

10, Yin Fujing: Also known as the Yellow Emperor Yin Fujing. The author and writing date are unknown. The yellow emperor in the name of camouflage. During the period of Tuoba Wei in the Northern Dynasty, he wrote a book, which was divided into three parts: upper, middle and lower. This book is concise and occupies a certain position in China's ancient philosophy and military science.