The opposition between "modern writers" and "ancient writers" began when the Western Han Dynasty mourned the emperor. When Liu became emperor, he wanted to find the ancient prose Zuo's Biography in the Spring and Autumn Period. He thought that Zuo Qiuming and Confucius had the same likes and dislikes, so he personally met Confucius. Therefore, Zuo's Biography in Chunqiu is more credible than Ram and Gu Liang, so he quoted Zuo's Biography to explain Chunqiu. In the first year of Jianping (the first six years), Liu Xin wrote Dr. Taichang's Book. With all the classics in this book established by scholars and doctors, he tried to establish ancient classics and pass them on to scholars. However, in the imperial court of the Western Han Dynasty, not only Dr. Tai Chang, who was a teacher, was a modern scholar, but even those senior officials obtained their official positions by studying modern classics. So Liu Xin's request was opposed by various Confucian doctors and failed. Because of this, it has the name of "ancient prose" with factional meaning. However, "Jinwen" was a name that didn't appear until the Eastern Han Dynasty, because ancient writers were unique and forced the original Confucian classics to form a school. It was added by ancient writers to Confucian classics, Confucian classics and Confucian classics.
Although the dispute between Confucian classics and ancient prose began in the late Western Han Dynasty, its peak was in the Eastern Han Dynasty. However, in this struggle, it is the study of China's ancient classics that is rising day by day, spreading widely among the people and gradually taking advantage. It was not until Zheng Xueqi that he learned ancient Chinese. Approach and mix together. By the end of the Qing Dynasty, the modern school of Confucian classics, represented by Pi and Kang Youwei, and the ancient school of Confucian classics, represented by Zhang Taiyan and Wei Liu, formed a modern debate on modern ancient Confucian classics. The controversy of Confucian classics between modern Chinese and ancient Chinese was ups and downs, which influenced many academic fields around 2000 and occupied an important position in the history of China.
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2. What are the meanings of inscriptions on bronze and classical Chinese respectively? 1. the debate between the classics of bronze inscriptions and ancient prose;
Confucian classics in modern literature believe that the Six Classics are all written by Confucius, and regard Confucius as the "king of the orphan" reform; Pay attention to expounding the "micro-words" of scripture and advocate the use of classics; The biography of the Spring and Autumn Ram, represented by Dong Zhongshu and He Xiuwei, is the most important.
The study of ancient Chinese classics worships Duke Zhou and regards Confucius as the forerunner of "believing in the ancient"; Emphasis on exegetics, weak connection with real political issues; Liu Xin and Jia Kui are the most important.
China's ancient classics in the Thirteen Classics:, Stone, Zuo Zhuan,.
In mourning for the emperor, Liu Xin invited officials to study China's ancient classics Shi Mao, Zuo Zhuan and Yi Li. Liu Xin left Kyoto because of doctor Tai Chang's opposition. Zhou Li is a classic of China. At the end of the Western Han Dynasty, Wang Mang wanted to usurp power and put forward the idea of "Wang Tian" to nationalize the land. He used the statement about Zhou Li's well-field system as the basis of his current theory.
Thirteen Classics: Twelve Classics inscribed by Tang Wenzong during the Taihe period of the Tang Dynasty (827-835). These twelve classics are: Yi, Shu, History, Zhou Li, Yi Li, Li Ji, Chunqiu Zuozhuan, Chunqiu Gongyang Zhuan and Zhou Li. By the mid-Northern Song Dynasty, the Neo-Confucianists had improved Mencius' position, incorporated Mencius into the "Classics" and had the "Thirteen Classics".
3. Urgently ask for famous ancient Chinese sayings with the word "j Ο ng" to express the meaning of traffic location.
1. When weaving, the vertical yarn is woven by shuttle, and the longitudinal line of the knitted fabric is opposite to the weft.
2. Geographically, it refers to the line passing through the north and south poles at right angles to the equator.
Latitude w and I
1. When weaving, the horizontal thread is woven by shuttle, and the horizontal thread of knitted fabric is opposite to the warp thread.
2. Geographically, a line parallel to the equator on the ground.
Jingwei j Ι ng wi
Warp and weft. Metaphor clue, sequence, order, etc.
It can be compared to planning heaven and earth. Jing Tianwei described that politicians govern the world.
Source: "Zuo Zhuan Zhao Gong Twenty-eight Years": "Jing Wei Tian Di Shuo Wen." "Mandarin Zhou Yuxia": "There are six places and five places in the sky, and the number is often also. Jingtian, Weidi. "
Yu Xin's Collection of Yuzi Mountain in the Northern Zhou Dynasty, volume 9, approved Julian: "Scholars who have built heaven and earth have pulled mountains and crossed the sea."
4. Don't translate the story of the Buddha giving birth to the king through classical Chinese. Now people translate classical Chinese, 1000 people can translate 1000 samples, which will delay your understanding. Find a Buddhist dictionary and a Chinese dictionary directly, and then find a dictionary with simple and complicated words (some of which are for sale) to read backwards. If this method fails, you can read it backwards. This is not a trivial matter, you can't just find someone to translate it. In ancient times, after the Buddha's nirvana, the venerable Ye Jia presided over the gathering of monks, and the venerable Ananda recited most of the scriptures. The monks attending the party are all disciples of Nirvana Buddha, such as Guanyin Bodhisattva, Manjusri Bodhisattva, Rama Venerable, and Big Eye Key Venerable = In short, this scrutiny has been translated for a month. It is wrong to compare vernacular classics with classical Chinese now. I hope the landlord can study classical Chinese classics diligently and accept them as soon as possible.
5. What does ancient Chinese mean? Ancient prose
/kloc-the floorboard of classical Chinese before 0/954 (generally excluding "parallel prose"). (2) The official script was popular in Han Dynasty, so the fonts before Qin Dynasty were called ancient prose, especially the ancient prose in Xu Shen's Shuo Wen Jie Zi.
Detailed comments
Ancient prose refers to the characters in the Spring and Autumn Period, Warring States Period and previous ancient books. Xu Shen said in "Shuo Wen Jie Zi Xu": "Mrs. Zhou wrote fifteen pieces of Da Zhuan, which is different from ancient Chinese." Compare the ancient prose with the big seal script, saying that the ancient prose is a general term for the characters before the Book of Poetry. Because the ancients had no pen and ink, they used bamboo sticks to draw and write on bamboo tubes. This is called book deed, also called bamboo slips. Because bamboo is hard and greasy, writing is not smooth, and the words written are thick and thin, like tadpoles, so it is called tadpole book or tadpole essay. The lacquer books on bamboo slips can all be called tadpoles, not necessarily books written by him or tadpoles. Ancient prose mainly refers to the characters in ancient books, such as the Book of Changes, The Analects of Confucius, Chunqiu, Shangshu, Zhou Li, Shilu Chunqiu and Xiaojing. This is an early writing style.
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Compared with parallel prose, it is a kind of prose with strange sentences, single lines and no dual temperament. Parallel prose prevailed after Wei and Jin Dynasties, paying attention to duality, neat syntax and gorgeous words. Su Chuo opposed the flashy style of parallel prose in the late Northern Dynasties, and imitated the style of Shangshu to write Dayu, thinking that the article was a standardized genre, called "ancient prose", that is, writing articles in the prose language of the pre-Qin Dynasty. Later, in the Tang Dynasty, Han Yu, Liu Zongyuan and so on. It is advocated to restore the tradition of rich content, free length, plain and smooth prose in the pre-Qin and Han dynasties, that is, to call such prose ancient prose. After writing Ouyang Sheng's Mourning, Han Yu said, "The more ancient it is, the worse it is to read its sentences. You can't see the ancients, but learn the ancient road. " Teacher Shuo said: "Li, ... is good at ancient Chinese prose and six arts. He studies in his spare time regardless of time." They all formally put forward the names of ancient Chinese prose, which were used by later generations. The outstanding ancient prose writers in the Tang Dynasty, although calling for retro, are full of innovative spirit. They not only emphasize the importance of "Tao", but also attach great importance to the role of "Wen", advocating creation, advocating that "only ancient characters should be their own" and "Wen follows the word order and knows his duties" (Han Yu's Epitaph of Nanyang Fan Shaoshu). The ancient prose they wrote is actually a new type of prose, which was extracted from the spoken language at that time and became a new written language. It has its own personality and the reality of the times, some of which are more difficult but not mainstream. He Jingming, who advocated that "literature must be in Qin and Han Dynasties" in the Ming Dynasty, said: "The Sui Dynasty was invincible, Li Han revived, and China's ancient literature died in North Korea." It can be seen from this sentence that Han Yu's so-called ancient prose is different from the pre-Qin and Han dynasties, which has both inheritance and innovation. The eight masters in Tang and Song Dynasties are the general names of the eight masters' prose writers, which refer to Han Yu and Liu Zongyuan in Tang Dynasty, Ouyang Xiu, Su Xun, Su Shi, Su Zhe, Wang Anshi and Ceng Gong in Song Dynasty. Confucius' Ancient Essays, also known as the Great Biography of Teachers. The difference between ancient prose and written prose is geographical difference. Ancient prose is a book in the wall, and the ancients respected classics, so it was placed before essays, and its age was not necessarily earlier than essays. Xu Shen said: "Up to the Six Classics of Confucius, Zuo Qiuming's Spring and Autumn Biography is an ancient text." He added: "The calligrapher in the wall, King Lu Gong (BC 155 ~ BC 129) destroyed Confucius' House and got The Book of Rites, The Book of History, The Spring and Autumn Annals, The Analects of Confucius and The Book of Filial Piety." The Book of Rites is a work in the late Warring States period. Ancient books and records are made of bamboo slips. After countless times of reading and copying, they were "three unique skills in Wei's compilation and three unique skills in lacquer calligraphy", and their use time was not long. In the thirty-fourth year of Qin Shihuang (2 13 BC), books were ordered to be burned, but there were not necessarily early manuscripts hidden in various places, and they were all popular books at that time. Even if there are six classics written by Confucius, it is only 500 BC. Xu Shen said that the materials he used were called Meng Shi in Yi, Kong Shi in Shu, Shi Mao in Shi, Zhou Guan in Li, Zuo Shi in Spring and Autumn Annals, and Xiao Jing. About all of them were copied by Confucian classics in Han Dynasty. Different from Biography, Xu Shen used more than 500 words, about118 in Biography. The characteristics of ancient Chinese, such as one or two poems, add unnecessary decoration, ceremony and etiquette. Making gifts, giving up and boldly simplifying are not the original forms of Chinese characters, but are produced in line with the needs of the times. Wang Guowei's book Ancient Chinese Used by Six Countries in the Warring States Period is very controversial. He believes in Qin Kekao. It is also true that China's ancient classics originated from Confucian scholars in Zou Lu and spread in the East. But it is arbitrary to say that there are "six classics". At that time, "the princes were not unified with the king, but divided into seven countries, with different laws, different clothes and different characters." There is no unified political power in politics, no unified market in economy, and it is impossible to have a common writing for the six countries. In the Warring States period, Wang Guowei used to strategize and "vertically unite" against Qin. He doesn't know that military alliance is temporary, and it takes a long time and certain conditions for language to be unified spontaneously. In recent years, many written materials of the Warring States Period have been found in various places, such as Changsha Book, Hou Book, Wenxian County, Jiangling Xinyang Changsha Sketch, and various written materials such as Zhongshan Bronze in Pingshan County and Korean Weapons in Xinzheng County. However, there is no ancient prose of Six Kingdoms similar to Shuowen. Xu Shen's so-called ancient prose is the words used by Confucian scholars in Zou Lu (and perhaps Qi). In Wei Zhengshi's (240~248) Three-body Stone Classics, only Shangshu and Chunqiu (see photo) are engraved in the first column of ancient Chinese, that is, Xu Shen's so-called Confucius in the Book and Chunqiu Zuoshi, which have the same origin as Shuowen, and occasionally have different glyphs, which may be a mistake in copying ancient books. This is valuable information for studying China's ancient prose. Lu Deming's classic interpretation in the Tang Dynasty, Guo Zhongshu's Khan Bamboo Slips in the Song Dynasty and Xia Song's four rhymes of ancient prose all retain some ancient prose in the classical prose.