◆ Dong Zhongshu said: "The greatness of Tao comes from heaven, and the sky remains unchanged, so does Tao." This view holds that things in the world are static and denies the development and changes of things; Is a metaphysical point of view; Denying the idea that matter determines consciousness belongs to idealism.
◆ "Everything is moving, but only in concept" and "It's not the wind that moves, it's the heart of the benevolent", both of which think that things in the world are moving, but deny that things are moving, which is a typical idealistic view of talking about movement without objective matter.
The mistake of "carving a boat for a sword" is that it only recognizes matter and denies movement, which is a metaphysical view.
◆ "Hongyan left the northern part of the Saibei, but it was in no man's land. Raise your wings for more than ten thousand miles, and you can stop and go on your own. Dieting south rice in winter and returning to the north in spring. " This poem shows that there is a certain basic order in the movement and change of living things, and the movement and change of living things are regular.
◆ "The moon is full of ups and downs, and people have joys and sorrows. This matter is difficult to complete in ancient times." It shows that both nature and human society are regular.
◆ "Humans can make nature serve themselves and dominate nature by changing it. But every step we take, we must remember that human beings never stand outside nature when they rule nature. Our full ruling power over nature lies in being able to understand and correctly apply the laws of nature. " The philosophical truth shown in this passage is that giving full play to subjective initiative should be unified with respecting objective laws.
◆ "I'm a skilled worker, and I'm comfortable with it; Pulling out the seedlings encourages the seedlings to die. " The enlightenment to us is that the law is objective, which can neither be created nor destroyed. The concentrated expression is that it can not be disobeyed, which requires us to act according to the objective law. Respect for objective laws is the basis of success.
◆ As the saying goes, "chopping wood without following the pattern is exhausting" tells us whether people act according to objective laws. It determines whether people can get positive results by exerting their subjective initiative.
British philosopher Bacon said, "If you want to command nature, you must obey it." The enlightenment of this sentence is that the exertion of subjective initiative is restricted by objective laws and conditions.
◆ Confucius said, "Learning without thinking is useless." Mao Zedong said, "Think more and get wisdom". This shows that thinking plays a very important role in the process of understanding the nature and laws of things.
◆ "The change of heaven and earth, cold and summer storms, floods, droughts, moths and locusts all have laws" embodies that everything moves regularly.
◆ A poem written by Li Shangyin, a poet in the Tang Dynasty, says: "The long rope is never tied to the sun, and the water goes to the clouds, which is too much to hate. If you want to buy the sea, a cup of spring dew is as cold as ice." The main philosophical truth contained in this poem is that the movement of things has its own laws, which are independent of human will.
◆ Xunzi's view of "controlling the destiny and using it" gives people philosophical thinking: to understand nature, we should give full play to our subjective initiative; To use the laws of nature, we must first master the laws.
◆ Xunzi said: "Heaven is always there, not for Yao's survival, not for Jie's death"; "The bad weather in the sky is also cold, and the bad weather in the earth is also wide." The philosophical truth embodied is that the existence and function of laws are independent of human will.
◆ Confucius said, "If a worker wants to do a good job, he must first sharpen his tools." The main philosophy is to do things according to the law and create certain conditions first.
◆ Sun Tzu's Art of War says, "Throw yourself into the dead and then live, and die and die.". According to this, Han Xin last stand defeated Zhao Jun; Ma Su accordingly stationed troops at the foot of the mountain and lost the street pavilion. Both of them are based on the Art of War, but they have two different results, which shows that concrete analysis of specific problems is the key to solving contradictions, and we should adhere to the unity of subjective and objective concrete history.
Sun Tzu's Art of War says, "Water flows because of the ground, and soldiers win because of the enemy. Therefore, the soldiers have no constant potential and the water is unpredictable. Those who can win because of the enemy are called gods. " From a philosophical point of view, this passage shows that contradictions in different stages of development have different characteristics, and respecting objective laws and exerting subjective initiative are unified.
Hegel said, "In pure light, just like in pure darkness, nothing can be seen." This shows that contradiction is the relationship of unity of opposites contained in things themselves.
◆ Mencius said: "It is better to believe in books than to have no books", which enlightens us philosophically that under certain conditions, things will change in the opposite direction.
◆ Lao Tzu said, "Misfortune is the place to lean on, and fortune is the place where misfortune lies." The philosophy involved is that both sides of the contradiction depend on each other and transform each other under certain conditions.
◆ Lao Tzu said: "If you want to be weak, you must strengthen it; If you want to abolish it, you must consolidate it; If you want to take it away, you must fix it. " The philosophy embodied in this passage is that both sides of the contradiction can transform into their opposites according to certain conditions.
◆ Lao Tzu said, "Whether or not they are born together, the difficulty and difficulty complement each other, the length is compared, the high and low are inclined, and the sound and sound are in harmony, and the front and back go hand in hand." This passage shows that the two sides of the contradiction are interdependent and mutually existing conditions.
◆ Confucius said, "Those who love others love others, and those who are wicked are wicked." The philosophy embodied in this thought is that the causal relationship between things is objective; The two sides of the contradiction are inseparable; Under certain conditions, the contradictory parties turn to their opposite directions.
◆ "How difficult is it in the world? For it, it is easy to be difficult; If you don't do it, it will be difficult for those who are easy. Is it difficult for people to learn? If you learn it, it will be easy for those who are difficult; If you don't learn, it will be difficult for those who are easy. " The philosophy embodied in this sentence is that under certain conditions, the two sides of the contradiction will transform in opposite directions.
◆ Lao Tzu said: "Everyone in the world knows that beauty is beauty, and evil is also evil; Everyone knows that good is good, and it is not good. " This mainly shows that beauty and ugliness, good and evil are the relationship of unity of opposites.
◆ "Peace without forgetting danger, survival without forgetting death, and governance without forgetting chaos"; "People who have no long-term worries must have near worries"; "Born in sorrow, died in happiness." The philosophy of * * * revealed by these famous sayings is that under certain conditions, both sides of the contradiction will turn in opposite directions.
◆ "Xanadu would be great. Helpless storms add trouble, only because of the shield, it is a mediocrity. " The mistake of this poem lies in the fact that fantasy is not shielded and the universality and objectivity of contradiction are denied.
◆ The mistake of "avoiding illness and avoiding medical treatment" lies in denying the universality and objectivity of contradiction, and warning us to admit the universality and objectivity of contradiction is the premise of correctly treating contradiction.
◆ "The biggest problem is to think that you have no problem" tells us that acknowledging the universality and objectivity of contradictions is the premise of correctly treating contradictions. We should dare to admit and expose contradictions, but not be afraid of contradictions, avoid contradictions and cover them up.
Mao Zedong once said, "There are two points in the future, two points in the present, and everyone has two points. Anyway, it's two o'clock, not one. To say that there is only one point is to know one thing and not know the other. " This sentence tells us to be good at comprehensively analyzing contradictions, adhere to the dichotomy and prevent one-sidedness.
◆ "The sky is grey, the wild is vast, and the wind blows grass and cattle and sheep are low"; "At sunrise, the flowers in the river win the fire, and in spring, the river is as green as blue"; "Sunset and lonely Qi Fei, autumn waters and sky are the same color" tells us that the reason why things are so different is that they have their own special contradictions, which stipulate the special essence of one thing that distinguishes it from other things.
◆ The philosophy embodied in "an enemy will block, a fire will block" and "a key opens a lock" is that the contradictions contained in things have their own characteristics, which requires us to analyze specific problems.
◆ Bacon said: "Reading history makes people wise, reading poetry makes people wise, mathematics makes people precise, philosophy makes people profound, ethics makes people cultivated, and logic makes people eloquent." This shows that the particularity of contradiction stipulates the special essence of things.
◆ The mistakes of "arrogant", "indiscriminate" and "indiscriminate" lie in ignoring the characteristics of things and failing to see that the contradictions contained in things have their own characteristics.
◆ Lu Meipo, a poet in the Song Dynasty, wrote in Xuemei: "Mei Xue was not willing to surrender for the sake of spring, so the poet stopped writing and commented on the chapter. Mei Xuxun's snow is three points white, but the snow loses a piece of plum. " The philosophical principle and methodology embodied in this poem are that the contradiction of things has its own characteristics and the contradiction has its own particularity.
◆ Lenin said, "Any individual is average no matter what." The philosophy embodied in this sentence is that the particularity of contradiction includes universality.
French writer Flaubert said, "There are no two identical grains of sand, no two identical flies, no two identical pairs of palms and no two identical noses." The philosophical principle and methodology embodied in this sentence is that the contradictions of things have their own characteristics, which requires us to analyze concrete problems.
The philosophical principles and methodology embodied in "adapting measures to local conditions", "teaching students in accordance with their aptitude", "tailoring measures to suit the situation" and "one mother gives birth to nine children, and connecting ten kinds of mothers" are: the contradictions of things have their own characteristics, which requires us to analyze specific problems.
◆ "Bow should be used for strength and arrow for length; The philosophical principle contained in Du Fu's poem is that the principal contradiction is dominant and plays a decisive role in the development of things, which requires us to be good at grasping the key points and concentrate on solving the principal contradiction. ;