Postmodernism is a popular development trend in Western social philosophy and culture in the 20th century. Now, in a postmodern sense, the response to the failure of the radical political movements in the West in the 1960s is a basic method that reflects the basic characteristics of recent modernist culture, theoretical orientations and thinking in Western developed countries after World War II and modern society. A cultural current that characterizes a new form of critical discourse and interpretation of the world. Join poststructuralism and postmodernism, the development of postmodernism throughout philosophy, aesthetics, art, religion and philosophical thought that has influenced the world. Postmodernism is a complex scene, but it also has thoughts that reflect the same characteristics of modernity, pluralistic thinking and negative thinking. The theoretical tendencies can be summarized in the following aspects:
1. Emphasis on reflection and modern reflection Criticism of the modern (modern) can be said to be the essence of postmodernism. The basis of its critical modernism, instrumental rationality, scientism, centrism, etc. Liao in his "The State of Postmodern Knowledge," says: "I have called modernization, referring to the literal, meta-legitimizing science of itself," with postmodernism: "I define it as postmodern skepticism. Metanarrative”. No longer assuming that there is an absolute fulcrum from which to legitimize truth and order, this focuses directly on modernity, its reflections and critiques, its metanarratives, what they rely on to justify themselves, and, in fact, the relationship between both parties Legitimation needs to be demonstrated between the social constraints that govern the legitimacy of the mechanism itself. All postmodernism legitimizes, criticizes and questions the truth of things, advocates the destruction of metadiscursive trust in the security of the masses. At the same time, the "double-edged sword" of modern science and technology is a reflection of postmodernism on human material wealth, and a huge threat to human beings, human living space and themselves, who are too obsessed with reasonable and overly publicized modernist practices. and authority, over-reliance on the deterministic critique of natural science. It can be said that postmodernism is precisely the basis for the criticism and questioning of modernism, and it is the thinking that challenges and discards traditional models.
2. Opposition to centrism to strengthen irrationalism
The main issue has occupied a central position in Western philosophical epistemology. Due to industrial civilization, excessive emphasis on human subjectivity has led to a world of various crises. Postmodern critiques of anthropocentrism, which believe that humans are separate from each other and the natural source of error in all human practices, must digest and digest subjectivity in order to transcend the modern distinction between subject and object. They treat everything in the world as entities who are not independent but who are an integral part of the world. Therefore, they oppose "anthropocentrism" and advocate the restoration of harmony and balance between man and nature. Postmodernism opposes the "self-centered" theory, criticizes individualism in the modern worldview, and advocates abandoning individualism and rebuilding relationships between people. At the same time, deconstructive research work shakes the legitimacy of rational-centered Western philosophy, destroys the foundation of modernism and the theoretical framework of faith, and eliminates the ultimate values ??of people's unity, integrity, faith center, and absolute truth. possibility.
Postmodernism’s critical rationalism simultaneously strengthens irrationalism and emphasizes the importance of irrationality. They believe that "rationality has fallen" and "irrationality should be upgraded." Irrationalism emphasizes an intuition, a freedom, and a personal choice. It fundamentally abandons rationality. Authoritative rules point out that human existence is An open advocate frames the question unreasonably. As a leading exponent of the subjects of sexuality, emotion, politics and spirituality, Alan Tuley was actively represented. Within the rationalist framework of thought itself, the natural and scientific approach to moving philosophy is seen as the only correct way. Spinoza said: "I will study human actions and desires as I examine the same areas and volumes." Respect for the logical framework of empirical reason, which applies only to inanimate matter, was emphasized by those present who should be dispassionate The key reason for the irrationalism of the observer is that the analyst becomes the presence of the participants, those who care.
3. Advocate multi-perspective and diversified methodologies
Postmodernism rejects the theory of pre-modern concepts of social consistency and emphasizes the diversity and pluralism of the world itself. The understanding of the world should be from multiple perspectives.
A perspective is a specific perspective of observation and analysis of social phenomena, a methodological perspective, a vantage point of the phenomenon, and specific analysis. The perspective and perspective of each of you does not completely accurately reflect social reality and is inevitably affected by the observer's own position, opinions and interests. At the same time, no one can fully explain the richness and complexity of any social phenomenon in perspective. As Weber said: All knowledge in reality is observed from a specific perspective, all facts are constructed and interpreted by people, and all single perspectives are limited and incomplete. Overcome by postmodernism's emphasis on infinite literal and interpretive ambiguity? began to see the world as dominated by a single approach, declaring that "all methods have their own limitations," promoting "epistemological anarchism," the so-called "how to do this idea (anything goes)" that allowed the use of any The method is to accommodate all ideas, get rid of the rigid formal rationality in order to build an open and pluralistic community, and free people from the slaves of traditional methods.
4. Respectful dialogue, emphasizing uncertainty and difference
Absorbing analytical philosophy, contemporary hermeneutics and post-structuralism in France, replacing research methods from linguistics Discuss the paradigm shift in language learning and the relationship between subject content knowledge awareness, group discussion activities and the body, giving equal power to different discourse awareness. Postmodernism emphasizes contextual experience, people are more of a form of body language of communication, cultural and biological integration, and advocates an open and fair dialogue. They argue that dialogue is the process by which relationships take place as interpreters and interpreters, with the aim of overturning the central position of the main advocates of equal communication between different understandings of relationships. Dialogue with opposites is not minor, it is indispensable for any definite conclusion about their personality and situation. What is needed to open up the truth is an attitude of ignorance - learning ignorance, which requires the interlocutor to always look at himself and keep an open mind in the process of opening up the truth. Postmodernism believes that a good interlocutor should constantly push us to reflect on our real conversations, think about what kind of person we are, and we are constantly reminded to explore various situations and conditions to reflect on people.
In short, postmodernism dispels the changes in things and the pluralism, diversity, difference, particularity, etc. of things themselves, as well as the diversity of ideas. Knowledge, modern theory beyond difference and against unity. Regarding this point, postmodernism believes that the objective world is chaotic and discontinuous, with no rules to follow and no eternity. The entire world is in a state of chaos and uncertainty.
In addition, postmodernism also advocates the elimination of value judgments, giving different words and equal rights. Postmodernism advocates cultural diversity, respects the non-self of culture, and gives equal status to different cultures. I believe that every country has the right to choose and have its own culture. They argue that there are a variety of socially rational practical value systems, all values? are completely equal, "value is not static." Postmodernism is concerned, "If reality is the language of the convention, then meaning and knowledge can only be relative.
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