# teacher qualification certificate # Introduction Preparing for the exam is an experience, and it is also an experience. If you make a little progress every day and solidify your foundation, it will be easier to pass the exam. !

Part 1 2020 Teacher Qualification Examination Middle School Education Knowledge and Ability Knowledge Points

1. Concept

Imagination is the processing and transformation of stored images by the human brain. The psychological process of forming a new image.

So to know what imagination is, we must first know the concept of representation. Representation is the image of things that appears in people's minds when the things are not in front of them. Therefore, imagination is the process of forming new images based on representations.

2. Classification of imagination

According to whether the imaginative activity is purposeful, it can be divided into unintentional imagination and intentional imagination.

　(1) Unintentional imagination

Unintentional imagination, also called involuntary imagination, is an imagination that occurs unconsciously without a predetermined purpose. It is a process in which people involuntarily imagine something under the influence of certain stimuli when their consciousness is weakened.

The key to doing the question: There is no predetermined purpose and it is unconscious.

Examples: ① Daydreaming; ② Zhuang Zhou dreams of butterflies.

(2) Intentional imagination

Intentional imagination is imagination carried out consciously for a certain purpose. According to the content, novelty and formation method of imagination, it can be divided into reconstructed imagination, creative imagination and fantasy.

The key to doing the questions: be purposeful and proceed consciously.

　① Reconstruction of imagination

Reconstruction of imagination is the process of forming corresponding new images in the human brain based on verbal descriptions or drawings.

The key to doing the questions: there are hints.

Example: ① When readers read "Journey to the West", the characters in "Journey to the West" appear in their minds. (Readers form images of things through the verbal descriptions in the book, which belongs to reconstructed imagination).

　②Creative imagination

Creative imagination is the process of independently creating new images in the human brain according to certain purposes and tasks during creative activities.

The key to doing the questions: no prompts, create independently.

Example: ①The author wrote "Journey to the West" and presented the characters about Journey to the West in his mind. (The author independently creates the characters in the book, which belongs to creative imagination).

Error-prone correction

Reconstructive imagination VS creative imagination

Reconstructive imagination emphasizes external prompts; creative imagination emphasizes independent creation.

③Fantasy

Fantasy is an imagination that points to the future and is linked to personal wishes. It is a special form of creative imagination. Fantasy is not immediately reflected in people's actual life, but has the nature of yearning and is something that people place their trust on.

When people imagine based on the objective laws of how things happen, this kind of imagination is called ideal.

When people do not base on objective laws, or even go against the objective process of the development of things, it is an imagination that cannot be realized. This kind of imagination is fantasy.

Error-prone correction

Ideal VS Utopia

What can be realized if it conforms to the objective basis is an ideal; what cannot be realized if it violates the objective basis is a fantasy, such as: in water Fishing for the moon.

Part 2 2020 Teacher Qualification Examination Middle School Educational Knowledge and Ability Knowledge Points

Operant conditioning theory is the theory of psychologist Skinner. He used the mystery box experiment to arrive at A series of theories, first of all, he distinguished between responsive behavior and operant behavior. He believed that responsive behavior is when stimulation appears first and then behavior occurs, which is low-level and passive. Operant behavior is when behavior appears first and then reinforcement appears, which is active. For active behavior, the dog eating experiment in Pavlov's classical conditioning theory is response behavior, while the behavior of rats in Skinner's mystery box experiment is operant behavior.

The focus and core test point in the operant conditioning theory is Skinner’s reinforcement theory. Based on the experimental results, Skinner divided reinforcement into positive reinforcement and negative reinforcement. Positive reinforcement is the presentation of pleasant stimuli. Increase the frequency of behavior. For example, Xiaohong is praised for picking up gold, which increases the behavior of picking up gold. Negative reinforcement removes the aversive stimulus and increases the frequency of the behavior. For example, Xiaohong picked up the gold but the teacher removed her punishment for being late, which increased the frequency of the behavior. Skinner also divided punishment into positive punishment and negative punishment. Positive punishment is the presentation of aversive stimuli to reduce the frequency of behavior, such as standing outside the door for being late. Negative punishment is to withdraw pleasant stimulation and reduce the frequency of behavior. For example, reading novels in class and not being able to go out to play after class is negative punishment. There is another concept in Skinner's reinforcement theory: extinction, which refers to not giving any reinforcement and reducing the frequency of behavior. For example, if a student makes faces in class, both students and teachers ignore them, and eventually the behavior of making faces decreases.

These are Skinner's reinforcement theories. When reviewing and preparing for lessons, you can better cope with the exam by simply using examples to understand them. However, candidates should be reminded to pay attention to who is increasing or decreasing the behavior, that is, when judging whether it is reinforcement or reduction. When punishing, first look at the frequency of behavior. Increases are reinforcements, while decreases are punishment and extinction.

Other test points of operant conditioning theory in the teacher qualification examination include Premark’s principle. Premark’s principle refers to using high-frequency actions to strengthen low-frequency actions. For example, you can finish your homework first. Watching TV is a high-frequency action, while doing homework is a low-frequency action. After completing homework, a high-frequency action is given to reinforce, which is equivalent to positive reinforcement.

Part 3 2020 Teacher Qualification Examination Middle School Educational Knowledge and Ability Knowledge Points

(1) The unity of indirect experience and direct experience (the law of indirectness)

Direct Experience refers to the knowledge gained by students through personal experience, while indirect experience refers to the experience accumulated by predecessors.

Direct experience provides students with practical basis and cultivates students’ spirit of inquiry and practical ability; indirect experience is the main way for students to learn, and students mainly acquire knowledge through textbooks. In the teaching process, direct experience and indirect experience need to be combined, with indirect experience as the mainstay and direct experience as the basis.

1. Common sayings and famous sayings

1) Tao Xingzhi: Grafting is like receiving knowledge

2) Mao Zedong: People cannot directly experience everything. In fact, Most of it is just indirect stuff, which is all ancient and foreign knowledge.

3) Rousseau: There are no books outside the world, no teaching materials other than facts

4) What you learn on paper will eventually make you feel shallow, but you must know that you must practice it

5) Newton: If I can see a little further than others, it is because I stand on the shoulders of giants.

2. Relevant theories

1) Courses emphasizing the relationship between direct experience and indirect experience: subject courses and activity courses

2) Based on direct experience and indirect experience The law of combination puts forward the teaching principles of intuition and integrating theory with practice

3) The opposition between Herbart’s textbook center and classroom center and Dewey’s experience center and activity center

4 ) Dewey: Learning by doing

(2) Mastering knowledge and developing ability are unified (law of development)

Mastering knowledge is the basis for developing ability. Knowledge can be used if you are proficient enough. Transformed into abilities; ability development is an important condition for mastering knowledge. The development of general abilities (ie, intelligence) can improve the efficiency of knowledge learning and better master knowledge.

1. Sayings and famous sayings

1) Ignorance means incompetence, and high scores mean low ability (scissors difference).

2) Lenin: We need to use the knowledge of basic facts to develop and enhance each learner's thinking ability.

2. Relevant theories

1) The debate between formal education and substantive education

(3) The teacher’s dominance and the student’s subject are unified (bilateral law )

In educational activities, students are the objects of education and the subjects of learning and self-development. Teachers are in a dominant position, organizing and guiding students’ development. Teaching needs to give play to the balance between teacher leadership and student subject. **Same effect.

1. Common sayings and famous sayings

1) Wang Fuzhi: Learning is to learn what the husband teaches, and learning must not be teaching; teaching is to teach people to learn, and teaching must not be learning.

(What students learn is what teachers teach, but the learning process is not the same as the teaching process; the professor is to guide students how to learn, but the teaching process is not the same as the learning process)

2) The master leads you in, and practice is personal.

3) Teaching is for the sake of not teaching, teachers are for students’ learning.

4) Teachers are the helmsmen and students are the ships

2. Relevant theories

1) Herbart Teacher Center and Dewey Student Center;

　2) Principles of inspiring teaching

(4) The unity of imparting knowledge and ideological education (the law of the unity of knowledge and consciousness in the educational process; the law of educational teaching)

In the teaching process , teachers should not only impart knowledge to students, but also promote the development of students' ideological and moral character. Knowledge is the basis for the formation of ideological and moral character. Only with basic moral understanding and judgment ability can we promote the good development of moral character; the improvement of ideological and moral character also lays the foundation for students to actively learn knowledge. For example, strong moral willpower can ensure the learning tasks of completion.

1. Sayings and famous sayings

1) Herbart: Teaching is always educative; I can’t think of any education without teaching, just as on the contrary, I don’t admit that there is any Teaching without education.

2) Doctrine of the Mean: Respecting virtue while pursuing Taoism and learning

(A gentleman should put the virtue of sincerity in the most noble position, and regard "questioning" and "learning" as the key to self-cultivation. Basic approach)

2. Relevant theories

The principle of combining scientificity and education (ideology)